Cymothoe

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Panorpida
Cladus: Amphiesmenoptera
Ordo: Lepidoptera
Subordo: Glossata
Cladus: Coelolepida
Cladus: Myoglossata
Cladus: Neolepidoptera
Infraordo: Heteroneura
Cladus: Eulepidoptera
Cladus: Ditrysia
Cladus: Apoditrysia
Cladus: Obtectomera
Superfamilia: Papilionoidea

Familia: Nymphalidae
Subfamilia Limenitidinae
Tribus: Limenitidini
Genus: Cymothoe
Species: C. adela – C. alcimeda – C. althea – C. alticola – C. altisidora – C. amaniensis – C. amenides – C. angulifascia – C. anitorgis – C. aramis – C. arcuata – C. aubergeri – C. aurivillii – C. baylissi – C. beckeri – C. bouyeri – C. caenis – C. capella – C. caprina – C. coccinata – C. collarti – C. collinsi – C. colmanti – C. consanguis – C. coranus – C. cottrelli – C. crocea – C. cyclades – C. distincta – C. druryi – C. dujardini – C. egesta – C. eris – C. euthalioides – C. excelsa – C. fontainei – C. fumana – C. haimodia – C. harmilla – C. hartigi – C. haynae – C. heliada – C. herminia – C. hesiodina – C. hesiodotus – C. hobarti – C. howarthi – C. hyarbita – C. hypatha – C. indamora – C. isiro – C. jodutta – C. lambertoni – C. lucasii – C. lurida – C. mabillei – C. magambae – C. magnus – C. megaesta – C. melanjae – C. meridionalis – C. ochreata – C. oemilius – C. ogova – C. orphnina – C. owassae – C. preussi – C. radialis – C. rebeli – C. reginaeelisabethae – C. reinholdi – C. sangaris – C. sassiana – C. teita – C. vumbui – C. weymeri – C. zenkeri – C. zombana

Cymothoe sangaris

References

Bouyer, Th. & Joly, E., 1995: Notes sur Cymothoe harmilla avec description d’une nouvelle sous-espèce et des premiers stades (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Lambillionea 95 (4) : 526–532
Oremans, P. 2008. Contribution à l'étude des Cymothoe: description d'une nouvelle sous-espèce de Cymothoe du Cameroun: Cymothoe caprina claireae. (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Saturnafrica 2: 3–4. Reference page.
Oremans, P. 2008. Contribution à l'étude des Cymothoe: Description d'une nouvelle sous-espèce de Cymothoe du Rwanda: Cymothoe heliada monfordi nov. ssp. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Lambillionea 108(1): 103–105. Reference page.
Pyrcz, T.W. & Sáfián, S. 2018. A new subspecies of Cymothoe fumana (Westwood, 1850) from Western Nigeria (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Limenitidinae). Metamorphosis 29: 5–8. Full article (PDF). Reference page.
Rydon, A.H.B., 1996. Notes on some members of the Cymothoe aurivillii group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Lambillionea Centenaire 96: 8-14. Reference page.
van Velzen, R., Collins, S.C., Brattström, O. & Congdon, T.C.E. 2016. Description of a new Cymothoe Hübner, 1819 from northern Mozambique (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Limenitidinae). Metamorphosis 27: 34–41. Full article (PDF). Reference page.
Velzen, R., van; Larsen, T.B.; Bakker, F.T. 2009: A new hidden species of the Cymothoe caenis-complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from western Africa. Zootaxa, 2197: 53–63. Abstract & excerpt PDF
Wahlberg, N., Maresova, J., Murillo-Ramos, L., Collins, S. & Wu, L-W. 2020. The phylogenetic positions of Bhagadatta Moore, 1898, Kumothales Overlaet, 1940 and Harmilla Aurivillius, 1892 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Limenitidinae) based on molecular data. Nota Lepidopterologica 43: 167—171. DOI: 10.3897/nl.43.50307 Reference page.
Weghe vande, G., 2011: Description d'une nouvelle espèce de Cymothoe Hübner, 1819 de République démocratique du Congo (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Limenitinae). Lambillionea 111 (3) Tomé 2: 305–306.

Cymothoe is a genus of butterflies in the subfamily Limenitidinae, the admirals and relatives. They are known commonly as gliders.[1] The genus is distributed in the Afrotropical realm, where species are found mainly in forest habitat.[1] mainly in the Guinean Forests of West Africa and the Congolian forests.

Description

These are medium-large to large-size (wingspan 40-70 millimetres) often quite colourful butterflies. Species in this genus exhibit a number of different colours and patterns. Among the most remarkable are a number of species where the upperside is solid coloured bright red or orange. Another group is largely pale yellow; others deep ochreous yellow and chocolate brown or pure white.
Biology

The larvae feed on various shrubs and trees. Recorded host genera include Rawsonia and Kiggelaria (Achariaceae), Fernandoa and Kigelia (Bignoniaceae), Vismia (Hypericaceae), Dovyalis (Salicaceae) and Rinorea (Violaceae). The adults spend most of their time in the canopy but also seek out sunlit spots between the trees and feed on decaying vegetation on the forest floor.
Taxonomy

These butterflies exhibit sexual dimorphism. Individuals can also be variable within a species, especially females. The females of C. caenis, for example, are so variable that authorities have described 20 different forms of the species based on their differences.[1]

The sister genus is Harma. The type species of the genus is Papilio althea Cramer.
Species groups

Defining species groups is a convenient way of subdividing well-defined genera with a large number of recognized species. Cymothoe species are so arranged in assemblages called "species groups" but (not superspecies, but an informal phenetic arrangement). These may or may not be clades. As molecular phylogenetic studies continue, lineages distinct enough to warrant some formal degree of recognition become evident and new groupings are suggested, but consistent ranking remains a problem.
Species

There are about 75 known species.[1]

Listed alphabetically within species groups:[2]

The oemilius species group
Cymothoe oemilius (Doumet, 1859)
The hyarbita species group
Cymothoe hyarbita (Hewitson, [1866])
Cymothoe reinholdi (Plötz, 1880)
The lucasi species group
Cymothoe egesta (Cramer, 1775)
Cymothoe lucasii (Doumet, 1859)
Cymothoe megaesta Staudinger, 1889
Cymothoe owassae Schultze, 1916
Unknown species group
Cymothoe orphnina Karsch, 1894
The lurida species group
Cymothoe colmanti Aurivillius, 1898
Cymothoe hypatha (Hewitson, 1866)
Cymothoe lurida (Butler, 1871)
Unknown species group
Cymothoe cyclades (Ward, 1871)
Cymothoe fontainei Overlaet, 1952
Cymothoe heliada (Hewitson, 1874)
Cymothoe herminia Grose-Smith, 1887
Cymothoe hesiodina Schultze, 1908
Cymothoe hesiodotus Staudinger, 1889
Cymothoe howarthi Rydon, 1981
Cymothoe isiro Rydon, 1981
Cymothoe ochreata Grose-Smith, 1890
Cymothoe sassiana Schouteden, 1912
Cymothoe weymeri Suffert, 1904
The fumana species group
Cymothoe fumana (Westwood, 1850)
Cymothoe haynae Dewitz, 1886
Unknown species group
Cymothoe althea (Cramer, [1776])
Cymothoe amenides (Hewitson, 1874)
Cymothoe capella (Ward, 1871)
Cymothoe caprina Aurivillius, 1897
Cymothoe consanguis Aurivillius, 1896
Cymothoe coranus (Grose-Smith, 1889)
Cymothoe eris Aurivillius, 1896
The caenis species group
Cymothoe alcimeda (Godart, [1824])
Cymothoe alticola Libert & Collins, 1997
Cymothoe caenis (Drury, [1773])
Cymothoe jodutta (Westwood, 1850)
Cymothoe teita van Someren, 1939
Unknown species group
Cymothoe adela Staudinger, 1889
Cymothoe altisidora (Hewitson, 1869)
Cymothoe amaniensis Rydon, 1980
Cymothoe angulifascia Aurivillius, 1897
Cymothoe aubergeri Plantrou, 1977
Cymothoe aurivillii Staudinger, 1899
Cymothoe beckeri (Herrich-Schäffer, [1853])
Cymothoe collarti Overlaet, 1942
Cymothoe collinsi Rydon, 1980
Cymothoe cottrelli Rydon, 1980
Cymothoe dujardini Viette, 1971
Cymothoe indamora Hewitson, 1866
Cymothoe lambertoni Oberthür, 1923
Cymothoe magambae Rydon, 1980
Cymothoe melanjae Bethune-Baker, 1926
Cymothoe vumbui Bethune-Baker, 1926
Cymothoe zenkeri Richelmann, 1913
Cymothoe zombana Bethune-Baker, 1926
The sangaris species group
Cymothoe anitorgis (Hewitson, 1874)
Cymothoe aramis (Hewitson, 1865)
Cymothoe coccinata (Hewitson, 1874)
Cymothoe euthalioides Kirby, 1889
Cymothoe harmilla (Hewitson, 1874)
Cymothoe hobarti Butler, 1900
Cymothoe magnus Joicey & Talbot, 1928
Cymothoe ogova (Plötz, 1880)
Cymothoe sangaris (Godart, 1824)
Unknown species group
Cymothoe arcuata Overlaet, 1945
Cymothoe crocea Schultze, 1917
Cymothoe distincta Overlaet, 1944
Cymothoe excelsa Neustetter, 1912
Cymothoe haimodia (Grose-Smith, 1887)
Cymothoe hartigi Belcastro, 1990
Cymothoe mabillei Overlaet, 1944
Cymothoe meridionalis Overlaet, 1944
Cymothoe preussi Staudinger, 1889
Cymothoe radialis Gaede, 1916
Cymothoe rebeli Neustetter, 1912
Cymothoe reginaeelisabethae Holland, 1920

References

Van Velzen, R., et al. (2009). A new hidden species of the Cymothoe caenis-complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from western Africa. Zootaxa 2197, 53-63.
"Cymothoe Hübner, [1819]" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms