Bethylidae

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Hymenopterida
Ordo: Hymenoptera
Subordo: Apocrita
Superfamilia: Chrysidoidea

Familia: Bethylidae
Subfamiliae (5 + 3†): Bethylinae – Epyrinae – Pristocerinae – Mesitinae – Scleroderminae – †Holopsenellinae – †Lancepyrinae – †Protopristocerinae

Overview of genera (79 + 13†)

Acrepyris – Afgoiogfa – Afrocera – Allobethylus – Alloplastanoxus – Alongatepyris – Anaylax – Anisepyris – Anisobracgium – Apenesia – Apristocera – Aspidepyris – Ateleopterus – Bakeriella – Bethylopsis – Bethylus – Bradepyris – Caloapenesia – Calobrachium – Calyozina – Cephalonomia – Chilepyris – Chlorepyris – Clytrovorus – Codorcas – Dicrogenium – Discleroderma – Disepyris – Dissomphalus – Epyris – Eupsenella – Foenobethylus – Formosiepyris – Galodoxa – Glenosema – Goniozus – Heterocoelia – Holepyris – Incertosulcus – Isobrachium – Israelius – Itapayos – Laelius – Leptepyris – Lytopsenella – Megaprosternum – Mesitius – Metrionotus – Neoapenesia – Neodisepyris – Nothepyris – Odontepyris – Parapenesia – Paraplastanoxus – Pararhabdepyris – Parascleroderma – Parvoculus – Pilomesitius – Plastanoxus – Platepyris – Pristocera – Prorops – Prosapenesia – Prosierola – Pseudisobrachium – Pseudomesitius – Pycnomesitius – Rhabdepyris – Sclerodermus – Sierola – Solepyris – Sulcomesitius – Thlastepyris – Trachepyris – Trichiscus – Tuberepyris – Usakosia – Xenepyris – Zimankos – †Archaepyris – †Bethylitella – †Bethylopteron – †Celonophamia – †Cretabythus – †Cretepyris – †Elektroepyris – †Holopsenella – †Lancepyris – †Liztor – †Messoria – †Protopristocera – †Zophepyris

In synonymy (3): Homoglenus – Pristepyris – Procaryoza
Name

Bethylidae

References

Azevedo, C.O., de Alencar, I. de C.C., Ramos, M.S., Barbosa, D.N., Colombo, W.D., Vargas, J.M. & Lim, J. 2018. Global guide of the flat wasps (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). Zootaxa 4489(1): 1–294. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4489.1.1 Paywall Reference page.
Azevedo, C.O.; Lanes, G.O. 2009: Cladistic assessment and redescription of Galodoxa torquata Nagy (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae), a striking species with swallow tailed metasomal sternite. Zoologische Mededelingen, 83: 841–851.
Carr, M.; Young, J.P.W.; Mayhew, P.J. 2010: Phylogeny of bethylid wasps (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) inferred from 28S and 16S rRNA genes. Insect systematics & evolution, 41(1): 55–73. DOI: 10.1163/187631210X486995
Gobbi, F.T. & Azevedo, C.O. 2016. Revision of Calobrachium Gobbi & Azevedo, gen. nov. (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae), with description of seven new Oriental species. Zootaxa 4083(2): 221–238. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.2.3.Reference page.
Terayama, M. 2003: Phylogenetic systematics of the family Bethylidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) Part I. Higher classification. Academic Reports, Fac. Eng. Tokyo Polytech. Univ., 26(1): 1–15. full article (PDF)
Terayama, M. 2003: Phylogenetic systematics of the family Bethylidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) Part II. Keys to subfamilies, tribes and genera in the world. Academic Reports, Fac. Eng. Tokyo Polytech. Univ., 26(2): 16–29. full article (PDF)

Vernacular names
日本語: アリガタバチ科

The Bethylidae are a family of aculeate wasps in the superfamily Chrysidoidea. As a family, their biology ranges between parasitoid wasps and hunting wasps.

Overview

Like most of the Chrysidoidea, the Bethylidae are stinging Hymenoptera and most are parasitoids. Some of them, however, have developed their parasitoidal biology along predatory lines and they sting and malaxate their victims into paralysis. Then they hide the prey and lay their eggs on them.
Sierola gilbertae dorsal

According to Azevedo et al. (2018) eight subfamilies of the Bethylidae are recognized:[1]

Pristocerinae
Epyrinae
Mesitiinae
Bethylinae
Scleroderminae
†Lancepyrinae
†Protopristocerinae
†Holopsenellinae

Genera

According to Azevedo et al. (2018) there are 96 genera belong to the family Bethylidae. Some are listed here:
Bethylidae 2019 08 21 13 41 03 8753.jpg
Bethylidae 2019 08 21 13 42 21 8760.jpg

Afrobethylus Ramos & Azevedo g
Afrocera Benoit, 1983 g
Allepyris Kieffer, 1905 g
Allobethylus Kieffer, 1905 g
Anaylax Moczar, 1970 g
Anisepyris Kieffer, 1906 g b
Anisobrachium Kieffer, 1905 g
Apenesia Westwood, 1874 g b
Archaeopristocera Terayama, 2004 g
Archaepyris Evans, 1973 g
Aspidepyris Evans, 1964 g
Ateleopterus Förster, 1856 g
Australomesitius Barbosa & Azevedo g
Bethylitella Cockerell, 1917 g
Bethylopsis Fouts, 1939 g
Bethylopteron Brues, 1933 g
Bethylus Latreille, 1802 g b
Caloapenesia Terayama, 1995 g
Calobrachium Gobbi & Azevedo, 2016 g
Calyozina Enderlein, 1912 g
Celonophamia Evans, 1973 g
Cephalonomia Westwood, 1833 i c g b
Chilepyris Evans, 1964 c g
Chlorepyris b (chlorepyris)
Clytrovorus Nagy, 1972 g
Codorcas Nagy, 1972 g
Cretabythus Evans, 1973 g
Cretepyris Ortega-Blanco & Engel, 2013 g
Cretobethylellus Rasnitsyn, 1990 g
Dissomphalus Ashmead, 1893 g b
Elektroepyris Perrichot & Nel, 2008 g
Epyris Westwood, 1874 g b
Eupsenella Westwood, 1874 c g
Foenobethylus Kieffer, 1913 g
Formosiepyris Terayama, 2004 g
Glenosema Kieffer, 1905 g
Goniozus Förster, 1856 c g b
Heterocoelia Dahlbom, 1854 g
Holepyris Kieffer, 1904 g b
Israelius Richards, 1952 g
Itapayos Argaman, 2003 g
Laelius Ashmead, 1893 g b
†Lancepyris Azevedo & Azar, 2012 g
Lithobiocerus Bridwell, 1919 g
Liztor Ortega-Blanco & Engel, 2013 g
Lytopsenella Kieffer, 1911 g
Megaprosternum Azevedo, 2006 g
Mesitius Spinola, 1851 g
Metrionotus Moczar, 1970 g
Moczariella Barbosa & Azevedo, 2014 g
Odontepyris Kieffer, 1904 g
Parapristocera Brues, 1933 g
Pararhabdepyris Gorbatovsky, 1995 g
Parascleroderma Kieffer, 1904 g
Pilomesitius Moczar, 1970 g
Plastanoxus Kieffer, 1905 g
Pristocera Klug, 1808 g b
Pristepyris Kieffer, 1905 g b
Prorops Waterston, 1923 g
Prosierola Kieffer, 1905 g
†Protopristocera Brues, 1923 g
Pseudisobrachium Kieffer, 1904 g b
Psilobethylus Kieffer, 1906 g
Pycnomesitius Moczar, 1971 g
Rhabdepyris Kieffer, 1904 g
Sclerodermus Latreille, 1809 g b
Sierola Cameron, 1881 g
Sulcomesitius Moczar, 1970 g
Trichiscus Benoit, 1956 g
Tuberepyris Lanes & Azevedo, 2008 g
Zimankos Argaman, 2003 g

Data sources: i = ITIS,[2] c = Catalogue of Life,[3] g = GBIF,[4] b = Bugguide.net[5]
Bethylidae indet. (Bethylidae), Elst (Gld), the Netherlands.jpg
Evolution

The oldest known records of the group are from the Barremian aged Lebanese amber.[6][7]
Sclerodermus
References

Alencar, I.D.; Azevedo, C.O. (2013). "Reclassification of Epyrini (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae): a tribal approach with commentary on their genera". Systematic Entomology. 38 (1): 45–80. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00648.x.
Azevedo, C.O.; Azar, D. (2012). "A new fossil subfamily of Bethylidae (Hymenoptera) from the Early Cretaceous Lebanese amber and its phylogenetic position". Zoologia (Curitiba). 29 (3): 210–8. doi:10.1590/S1984-46702012000300004.
"Bethylidae Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
"Browse Bethylidae". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
"Bethylidae". GBIF. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
"Bethylidae Family Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
M. S. Engel, J. Ortega-Blanco, and C. O. Ozevedo. 2016. A new bethylid wasp in Lebanese Early Cretaceous amber (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea), with comments on other Mesozoic taxa. American Museum Novitates 3855:1-14

Azevedo, Celso O.; Azar, Dany (June 2012). "A new fossil subfamily of Bethylidae (Hymenoptera) from the Early Cretaceous Lebanese amber and its phylogenetic position". Zoologia (Curitiba). 29 (3): 210–218. doi:10.1590/s1984-46702012000300004. ISSN 1984-4689.