Tethininae

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Panorpida
Cladus: Antliophora
Ordo: Diptera
Subordo: Brachycera
Infraordo: Muscomorpha
Sectio: Schizophora
Subsectio: Acalyptrata
Superfamilia: Carnoidea

Familia: Canacidae
Subfamilia: Tethininae
Genera: Afrotethina – Dasyrhicnoessa – Rhicnoessa – Sigaloethina – Tethina – Thitena

References

Munari, L., 2004: Beach Flies (Diptera: Tethinidae: Tethininae) from Australia and Papua New Guinea, with descriptions of two new genera and ten new species. Records of the Australian Museum, 56 (1): 29–56. Full article: [1].
Munari, L., 2005: Indo-Pacific beach flies (Diptera: Tethinidae): new species and records from the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans. Studia dipterologica, 11 (2) [2004]: 585–596

Tethininae, formally the family Tethinidae[2] is a paraphyletic group of tiny drab-coloured or grey Acalyptratae flies. There are over 115 species in 7 genera known from all zoogeographic regions.[3] They are inconspicuous flies which are still poorly known in some remote, huge, tropical areas (e.g. South America).[2]

Natural history

Tethininae are found in maritime, often littoral habitats. The adults are sometimes abundant in rotting seaweed. A few species occur inland, in association with alkaline habitats in arid zones. Except for the subantarctic genera Apetaenus and Listriomastax, little is known about the immature stages of the family, although presumably most are associated with rotting seaweed. Workers in dipterology which are unfamiliar with tethinids often associate these flies with the presence of seashores, particularly sandy beaches and coastal lagoons. This is true for most strictly thalassophilous species, which occur on dunes, sandy soil and wrack heaps stranded on the beach. However, many entomologists often ignore or simply overlook the fact that populations of certain species also inhabit biotopes situated far off from sea littorals, sometimes several hundreds of kilometres inland, and are almost always closely dependent on the proximity of continental saline environments. It is well known that most species, if not all, belonging to the subfamily Pelomyiinae are not thalassophilous flies, but are almost exclusively found inland, associated with meadows, mountain passes, forests, areas and waters polluted by rotting waste, industrial emissions or debris of slaughterhouses and poultry farms (sites of salt accumulation and enrichment), as well as desert oases. However, this is not infrequent in various species of the genus Tethina, too.
Genera

Afrotethina Munari, 1986[4]
Dasyrhicnoessa Hendel, 1934[5]
Plesiotethina Munari, 2000[6]
Pseudorhicnoessa Malloch, 1914[7]
Sigaloethina Munari, 2004[8]
Tethina Haliday in Curtis, 1937[9]
Thitena Munari, 2004[8]

Subfamily Description

See [1]
References

Hendel, Friedrich (1916). "Beiträge zur Systematik der Acalyptraten Musciden (Dipt.)". Entomologische Mitteilungen. 5 (9–12): 294–299.
McAlpine, D.K. (2007). "The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and notes on Tethinid-Canacid morphology and relationships" (PDF). Records of the Australian Museum. The Australian Museum. 59: 27–64. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.59.2007.1468. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
Munari, L.; Mathis, W.N. (2010). "World Catalog of the Family Canacidae (including Tethinidae) (Diptera), with keys to the supraspecific taxa" (PDF). Zootaxa. Magnolia Press. 2471: 1–84. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2471.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
Munari, Lorenzo (1986). "Contributo alla conoscenza dei Tethinidae afrotropicali. II. Considerazioni tassonomiche sulla sottofamiglia Horaismopterinae Sabr. e descrizione di un genere e due specie nuove (Diptera, Tethinidae)". Società Veneziana di Scienze Naturali - Lavori. 11: 41–52.
Hendel, Friedrich (1934). "Revision der Tethiniden (Dipt. Muscid. acal.)". Tijdschrift voor Entomologie. Amsterdam: Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging. 77: 37–54.
Munari, Lorenzo (2000). "Beach Flies from South-Western coast of Australia, with Descriptions of a New Genus: and Two New Species (Diptera Tethinidae)". Bollettino della Società Entomologica Italiana. 132 (3): 237–248.
Malloch, John Russel (1914). "Formosan Agromyzidae" (PDF). Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici. 12: 306–336. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
Munari, Lorenzo (2004). "Beach Flies (Diptera: Tethinidae: Tethininae) from Australia and Papua New Guinea, with descriptions of two new genera and ten new species" (PDF). Records of the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney. 56 (1): 29–56. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.56.2004.1395. ISSN 0067-1975. Retrieved 24 August 2014.

Haliday, A.H. (1837 (available 1838)). "New British Insects Indicated in Mr. Curtis's Guide". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 2 (9): 183–190. doi:10.1080/00222933809512369. Check date values in: |date= (help)

Identification (Literature)

Czerny, L. 1928: 55. Tethinidae. In Lindner, E. Die Fliegen der Paläarktischen Region, Bd. VI/1: 1-8, Textfig. 1-7, Stuttgart.
Collin, J.E., 1966. A revision of the Palaearctic species of Tethina and Rhicnoessa. Bolletino del Museo civico di Storia naturale di Venezia 16 (1963): 19-32.
Foster, G.A. & Mathis, W.N., 2003. A revision of the genera Pelomyia Williston and Masoniella Vockeroth (Diptera: Tethinidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 619:63 pp.
Foster, G. A. & Mathis, W. N., 1998. A revision of the family Tethinidae (Diptera) from the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and Bermuda. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 100(4): 601-632.
Foster, G. A., and Mathis, W. N., 2000. Notes on Neotropical species of Tethina Haliday (Diptera: Tethinidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 102(3): 542-548.
Foster, G. A. & Mathis, W. N., 2008. A Review of the Genus: Tethina Haliday from Western North America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 110(2): 300-330.
Hendel, F. 1916. Beitrage zur Systematik der Acalyptraten Musciden (Dipt.). Ent. Mitt. 5: 294-299.
Mathis, W.N. and Munari, L., 1996. World Catalog of the Family Tethinidae (Diptera). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 584: IV + 27 pp.
Mathis, W. N. & Foster, G. A., 2007. Canacidae (Diptera) From the Delmarva States. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 120(4): 387-428.
McAlpine, D.K., 2007. The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and notes on Tethinid-Canacid morphology and relationships. "Records of the Australian Museum" 59: 27-64"
Melander, A.L., 1952. The North American species of Tethinidae (Diptera). J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 59: 187-212.
Munari, L. & Mathis, W.N., 2010. World Catalog of the Family Canacidae (including Tethinidae) (Diptera), with keys to the supraspecific taxa. "Zootaxa" 2471: 1-84. ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition), ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition).
Przemysław Trojan, 1962 Odiniidae, Clusiidae, Anthomyzidae, Opomyzidae, Tethinidae in (series) Klucze do oznaczania owadów Polski, 28,54/58; Muchowki = Diptera, 54/58 Publisher Warszawa : Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe (in Polish)