Wahlenbergia capensis

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Campanulids
Ordo: Asterales

Familia: Campanulaceae
Subfamilia: Campanuloideae
Genus: Wahlenbergia
Species: Wahlenbergia capensis
Name

Wahlenbergia capensis (L.) A.DC., Monogr. Campan.: 136 (1830).
Synonyms

Basionym
Campanula capensis L., Sp. Pl.: 169 (1753).
Homotypic
Petalostima capensis (L.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 2: 79 (1837).
Heterotypic
Roella decurrens Andrews, Bot. Repos. 4: t. 238 (1802), nom. illeg.
Roella decumbens G.Don in J.C.Loudon, Hort. Brit.: 77 (1830), not validly publ.
Campanopsis capensis (L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 379 (1891).
Wahlenbergia capensis var. leiocalycina Zahlbr., Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 18: 402 (1903).

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Africa
Regional:Southern Africa
Cape Provinces

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References

De Candolle, A.L.P.P., 1830. Monogr. Campan.: 136.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2019. Wahlenbergia capensis in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 Jul. 28. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2019. Wahlenbergia capensis. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2019. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 Jul. 29. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2019. Wahlenbergia capensis. Published online. Accessed: Jul 29 2019.
The Plant List 2013. Wahlenbergia capensis in The Plant List Version 1.1. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 Jul 29.
Tropicos.org 2019. Wahlenbergia capensis. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 Jul 29.

Vernacular names

Wahlenbergia capensis, commonly known as the Cape bluebell, is a plant in the family Campanulaceae and is native to the Cape Province but has been introduced to Australia. It is an annual herb with up to four greenish blue, bell-shaped flowers with spreading petal lobes.
Habit

Description

Wahlenbergia capensis is an annual herb with a one to a few stems and grows to a height of 14–50 cm (6–20 in). The lower leaves are egg-shaped to elliptic but become lance-shaped higher up. They are 9–40 mm (0.4–2 in) long and 1.5–10 mm (0.06–0.4 in) wide, sometimes with wavy edges and small teeth or lobes. Each plant has up to four bluish-green long stalked flowers that are dark blue near the centre and often have black spots. The five sepals are triangular, 4–7.5 mm (0.2–0.3 in) long and hairy. The petals form a tube, bell-shaped near the base with five spreading, egg-shaped to broadly elliptic lobes, 6–11 mm (0.2–0.4 in) long and 3–7.5 mm (0.1–0.3 in) wide. The five stamens have a filament 2.5–4 mm (0.1–0.2 in) long and an anther 2–3.5 mm (0.08–0.1 in) long. The style is dark blue with five branches on its tip. Flowering occurs from September to December. The fruit is a capsule 5–11 mm (0.2–0.4 in) long and 5–9 mm (0.2–0.4 in) wide.[2][3]

Taxonomy and naming

Cape bluebell was first formally described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus who gave it the name Campanula capensis and published the description in Species Plantarum.[4][5] In 1830, Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle changed the name to Wahlenbergia capensis.[6] The specific epithet (capensis) refers to the native distribution of the species, the ending -ensis being a Latin suffix "denoting place, locality or country".[7]

Distribution and habitat

Wahlenbergia capensis is widespread in, and restricted to the Western Cape between Clanwilliam and Knysna in South Africa. It is found on the lower sandstone slopes and the sandy flats of this region.[8][9] Due to its annual life cycle it is also able to persist successfully on disturbed land, such as along roadsides and on cultivated land.[8] It is an introduced species occurring in the south-west of Western Australia where it is found between Kalbarri and Tambellup. The species was first collected in Western Australia in 1898.[2][3][10]

Ecology

The flowers are pollinated by monkey beetles.[11] Large numbers of seeds are produced in capsules. There are two main methods of dispersal. The first of these is through the strong summer winds of the region. The seeds are shaken out through the apical valves of the capsule. Alternately, the capsule may attach to the fur of animals by its coarse, stiff hairs, facilitating the dispersal of the seed-filled capsules.[8]
Conservation

While it has not formally been assessed by the IUCN, this species is common and widespread. The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) does not consider this species to be threatened. [8]

References

"Wahlenbergia capensis". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Smith, Peter J. (1992). "A revision of the genus Wahlenbergia (Campanulaceae) in Australia". Telopea. 5 (1): 161–162. doi:10.7751/telopea19924963.
Cupido, Christopher. "Wahlenbergia capensis". South African National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
"Campanula capensis". APNI. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
Linnaeus, Carl (1753). Species Plantarum. Stockholm. p. 169. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
"Wahlenbergia capensis". APNI. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). The Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 303.
"Wahlenbergia capensis". PlantZAfrica. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
Clarke, Hugh G.; Corinne Merry (2019). Wild flowers of the Cape Peninsula (Third expanded ed.). Cape Town. ISBN 978-1-77584-640-6. OCLC 1124073483.
"Wahlenbergia capensis". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.
Goldblatt, Peter; Bernhardt, Peter; Manning, John C. (1998). "Pollination of Petaloid Geophytes by Monkey Beetles (Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Hopliini) in Southern Africa". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 85 (2): 215. doi:10.2307/2992006. JSTOR 2992006.