Verbascum phoeniceum

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Lamiids
Ordo: Lamiales

Familia: Scrophulariaceae
Tribus: Scrophularieae
Genus: Verbascum
Species: Verbascum phoeniceum
Name

Verbascum phoeniceum L.
References

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus I: 178. Reference page.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Verbascum phoeniceum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 07-Oct-06.

Vernacular names
čeština: divizna brunátná
Cymraeg: Pannog borffor
Deutsch: Violette Königskerze, Purpur-Königskerze
English: purple mullein, temptress purple
español: gordolobo púrpura
suomi: Purppuratulikukka
français: Molène de Phénicie, Molene de Phenicie
hornjoserbsce: Ćěmna dźiwizna
magyar: Lila ökörfarkkóró
Nederlands: Paarse toorts
polski: Dziewanna fioletowa
русский: Коровяк фиолетовый
slovenčina: divozel tmavočervený
svenska: Violkungsljus
Türkçe: Mor sığırkuyruğu
українська: Дивина фіолетова
中文: 紫毛蕊花

Verbascum phoeniceum, known as purple mullein,[1] is a species of mullein that is part of the family Scrophulariaceae native to Central Europe, Central Asia and Western China. It is also naturalized in certain regions of the US and Canada. It successfully grows in USDA’s zones 4 to 8. It is a short-lived perennial species,[2] and blooms earlier than other mullein species on average, producing vibrant purple-pink flowers; it can grow up to 1m or more.

Description
General morphology

Verbascum phoeniceum is a dicot plant that begins with rosette growth in late spring and into summer. The initial lower rosette shows whorled basal leaves with pinnate venation and as growth continues, simple leaves grow in an alternating fashion on the stem.[3] The shape of the leaf blades of the V. phoeniceum can be elliptical, ovate, chordate or lanceolate depending on the environment in which it grows in. Five-petaled flowers appear when in bloom, where it grows as an inflorescence with multiple flowers on a spike starting with the first blooms on the bottom of the spike and newer ones upwards of the spike. V. phoeniceum exhibits pentamerous growth of perianth and corolla that is characteristic of the dicotyledonus mulleins.

The flowers can be deep purple in color (violetta) to pink (rosetta) and white (flush of white). The variation in shades for V. phoeniceum makes it ideal for hybridization with other mulleins. Hybrids may have flower colors ranging from white to various shades of pink and plum; as well as the advantage of a longer growing season due to its perennial nature.[4] In the center of each flower are fuzzy golden-yellow stamens.[5] The height of V. phoeniceum is shorter than most mulleins but can range between 0.9m – 1.2m in an herbaceous habit.
Subspecies

There are two recognized subspecies of Verbascum phoeniceum:[6]

Verbascum phoeniceum subsp. flavidum (yellow corollas, found in Greece)
Verbascum phoeniceum subsp. phoeniceum

Distribution

Verbascum phoeniceum is found in southern Europe, northern Africa and central Asia. It thrives in dry soils with full sunlight. Although they can tolerate moderate shade, they are unable to withstand soggy soils thereby requiring efficient water drainage. It can be found growing wild on hillsides, disturbed sites and woodlands in their native habitats.[7][8] V. phoeniceum has been brought over to the US among other temperate regions and cultivated as an ornamental garden plant. It thrives in USDA’s hardiness zones 4-8,[8] with possible natural occurrence in New York and Ohio where the winter temperatures are also required for seed germination after dormancy.[9]
USDA map of V. phoeniceum zones.
Ecology

Verbascum phoeniceum is pollinated by hoverflies and bees although it is suspected that moths also take part in pollinating the mulleins. The flowers expel a fragrance early in the day believed to attract moths and close up midday.[4]

In a study by Branimir Petkovic et al. 2004, V. phoeniceum were planted on three different substratum soil types, serpentine, andesite and limestone. Results showed that plant morphology and anatomy varies with soil type. Plants grown on serpentine substratum produced smaller stem leaves with the blades chordate shaped and dentate margins; plants grown on limestone substratum featured lanceolate stem leaves with entire margins and plants grown on andesite substratum featured even narrower chordate stem leaves with dentate margins. Serpentine soil produces an overall decrease in average values of the V. phoeniceum while limestone yields the highest values with andesite an intermediate, these values includes plant height, inflorescent length, flower numbers, and pedicel length.[10]

The first observation of self-incompatibility in plants was made on V. phoeniceum in the late 18th century and published by Joseph Gottlieb Kölreuter. Unlike other mulleins V. thapsus and V. lychnitis which are able to self-pollinate, V. phoeniceum pollinated with their own pollen do not set seed but are cross-fertile; this had been attributed to the allotetraploidy of the plant.[11][12][13] Despite perfect flowers, individual V. phoeniceum flowers are shown to display either extreme male or extreme female characteristics, yielding more successful pollinations when used as such.[14] V. phoeniceum has 2n= 32, 36 chromosomes.

Verbascum phoeniceum plants will self-seed, dropping their seed pods freely where the plants occur to join the soil seed bank. Horticulturalists growing V. phoeniceum often deadhead flowers to keep the plant in continuous bloom throughout its short-perennial lifespan.
Cultivation

Verbascum phoeniceum is cultivated as an ornamental plant, useful for adding vertical accents to the garden. It prefers alkaline or poor soil in a sunny position.[15]

Several cultivars have been developed in a range of shades, including:

'Cotswold Queen'[16] (yellow with maroon eye)
'Flush of White'[17] (white with yellow centre)
'Gainsborough'[18] (pale yellow)
'Rosetta'[19] (pink)
'Temptress Purple'[20] (purple)
'Violetta'[21] (purple)

Usage

Other than horticultural, there are not as many known uses for Verbascum phoeniceum compared to other mulleins. However in a study by Tatli et al. 2006, the mentholic extracts taken from the leaves and flowers of V. phoeniceum and other verbascum plants showed strong antimicrobial activity.[22][9]
References

BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
"Verbascum phoeniceum". Perennials.com. Retrieved June 30, 2012.
The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970-1979). © 2010 The Gale Group, Inc.
Christopher, Marina (2006). Late Summer Flowers. London: Berry & Co. p. 191. ISBN 0711224811.
"Verbascum phoeniceum 'Violetta'". Crocus. Retrieved June 30, 2012.
Nesom, Guy L. "Flora of North America" (PDF).
"Verbascum phoeniceum". Retrieved June 30, 2012.
"Verbascum phoeniceum". Archived from the original on January 28, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2012.
"The most complete source of Verbascum". The most complete source of Verbascum.
Petkovic, Branimir; Đelić Gorica T.; Marković Aca I. (2004). "Variation in Verbascum phoeniceum (Scrophulariaceae) in Serbia as affected by geological substratum" (PDF). Kragujevac Journal of Science. 26: 91–102. Retrieved June 30, 2012.
Darwin, Charles (2009). The Effects of Cross & Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom. BiblioBazaar. p. 524. ISBN 9780559117121.
Arasu, N. T. (November 14, 1968). "Self-incompatibility in angiosperms: a review". Genetica. 39 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1007/BF02324452. S2CID 27204460.
Richards, A. J. (1997). Plant Breeding Systems. Great Britain: Chapman and Hall. p. 200. ISBN 0412574500.
Sirks, M. J. (July 5, 2005). "Further data on the self-and cross-incompatibility of Verbascum phoeniceum". Genetica. 8 (4): 345–367. doi:10.1007/BF01803428. S2CID 26807382.
"Verbascum phoeniceum". RHS. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
"Verbascum phoeniceum 'Cotswold Queen'". RHS. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
"Verbascum phoeniceum 'Flush of White'". RHS. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
"Verbascum phoeniceum 'Gainsborough'". RHS. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
"Verbascum phoeniceum 'Rosetta'". RHS. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
"Verbascum phoeniceum 'Temptress Purple'". Gardenia.net. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
"Verbascum phoeniceum 'Violetta'". RHS. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
Tatli, Irem; Akdemir (2006). "Archived copy" (PDF). FABAD J Pharm Sci (31): 85–96. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-12-16. Retrieved 2012-07-02.