Tilia

Cladus: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Divisio: Magnoliophyta
Classis: Magnoliopsida
Ordo: Malvales
Familia: Malvaceae
Subfamilia: Tilioideae
Genus: Tilia
Species: T. americana - T. amurensis - T. caroliniana - T. caucasica - T. chinensis - T. chingiana - T. cordata - T. dasystyla - T. flavescens - T. henryana - T. heterophylla - T. insularis - T. intonsa - T. japonica - †T. johnsoni - T. kiusiana - T. mandshurica - T. maximowicziana - T. miqueliana - T. mongolica - T. nasczokinii - T. nobilis - T. oliveri - T. paucicostata - T. platyphyllos - T. taquetii - T. tomentosa - T. tuan

Hybrids: T. × euchlora - T. × europaea - T. × moltkei

Name

Tilia L.

Vernacular names
Internationalization
العربية: زيزفون
Dansk: Lind
Deutsch: Linden
English: Lime (UK), Linden (North America)
Esperanto: Tilio
Español: Tilo
Eesti: Pärn
Euskara: Ezki
Français: Tilleul
עברית: טיליה
Hrvatski: Lipa
Magyar: Hárs
Italiano: Tiglio
Lietuvių: Liepa
Nederlands: Lindeboom
‪Norsk (bokmål)‬: Lind
Polski: Lipa
Português: Tília
Română: Tei
Русский: Липа
Slovenščina: Lipa
Српски / Srpski: Липа
Svenska: Lind
Türkçe: Ihlamur
Українська: Липа
中文: 椴树

Tilia is a genus of about 30 species of trees native throughout most of the temperate Northern Hemisphere, in Asia (where the greatest species diversity is found), Europe and eastern North America; they are not native to western North America. Under the Cronquist classification system, this genus was placed in the family Tiliaceae, but genetic research by the APG has resulted in the incorporation of this family into the Malvaceae. They are generally called lime in Britain and linden or basswood in North America.

Tilia species are large deciduous trees, reaching typically 20 to 40 metres (70 to 100 ft) tall, with oblique-cordate leaves 6 to 20 centimetres (2 to 8 in) across, and are found through the north temperate regions. The exact number of species is subject to considerable uncertainty, as many or most of the species will hybridise readily, both in the wild and in cultivation.

Name
Flowers

Lime is an altered form of Middle English lind, in the 16th century also line, from Old English feminine lind or linde, Proto-Germanic *lendā, cognate to Latin lentus "flexible" and Sanskrit latā "liana". Within Germanic languages, English lithe, German lind "lenient, yielding" are from the same root.

Linden was originally the adjective, "made from lime-wood" (equivalent to "wooden"), from the late 16th century "linden" was also used as a noun, probably influenced by translations of German romance, as an adoption of Linden, the plural of German Linde.[1] Neither the name nor the tree is related to the citrus fruit called "lime" (Citrus aurantifolia, family Rutaceae). Another widely-used common name used in North America is basswood, derived from bast, the name for the inner bark (see Uses, below). In the US, the name "lime" is used only for the citrus tree. Teil is an old name for the lime tree.
Leaf of Tilia X cordata showing veination.

Latin tilia is cognate to Greek πτελέᾱ, ptelea, "elm tree", τιλίαι, tiliai, "black poplar" (Hes.), ultimately from a Proto-Indo-European word *ptel-ei̯ā with a meaning of "broad" (feminine); perhaps "broad-leaved" or similar.[2]

Description

The Tilia's sturdy trunk stands like a pillar and the branches divide and subdivide into numerous ramifications on which the twigs are fine and thick. In summer these are profusely clothed with large leaves and the result is a dense head of abundant foliage.[3]
Fruit

The leaves of all the Tilia species are heart-shaped and most are asymmetrical, and the tiny fruit, looking like peas, always hang attached to a curious, ribbon-like, greenish yellow bract, whose use seems to be to launch the ripened seed-clusters just a little beyond the parent tree. The flowers of the European and American Tilia species are similar, except that the American bears a petal-like scale among its stamens and the European varieties are devoid of these appendages. All of the Tilia species may be propagated by cuttings and grafting as well as by seed. They grow rapidly in a rich soil, but are subject to the attack of many insects.[3]

In particular aphids are attracted by the rich supply of sap, and are themselves often "farmed" by ants for the production of the sap which the ants collect for their own use, and the result can often be a dripping of excess sap onto the lower branches and leaves, and anything else below. Cars left under the trees can quickly become coated with a film of the syrup thus dropped from higher up. The ant/aphid "farming" process does not appear to cause any serious damage to the trees.
T. johnsoni leaf fossil, 49 ma, Washington, USA

History

In Europe, Tilia trees are known to have reached ages measured in centuries, if not longer. A coppice of T. cordata in Westonbirt Arboretum in Gloucestershire, for example, is estimated to be 2,000 years old.[1] In the courtyard of the Imperial Castle at Nuremberg is a Tilia which tradition says was planted by the Empress Cunigunde, the wife of Henry II of Germany. This would make the tree about nine hundred years old in 1900 when it was described. It looks ancient and infirm, but in 1900 was sending forth a few leaves on its two or three remaining branches and was, of course, cared for tenderly. The Tilia of Neuenstadt am Kocher in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, was computed to be one thousand years old when it fell.[3] The Alte Linde tree of Naters, Switzerland, is mentioned in a document in 1357 and described by the writer at that time as already "magnam" (huge). A plaque at its foot mentions that in 1155 a Tilia tree was already on this spot.
Bole of an ancient Tilia at Frankenbrunn, near Bad Kissingen, Bavaria

The excellence of the honey of far-famed Hybla was due to the Tilia trees that covered its sides and crowned its summit.
The name of Linnaeus, the great botanist, was derived from a Tilia tree.
Tilia appears in the tertiary formations of Grinnell Land, Canada, at 82° north latitude, and in Spitsbergen, Norway. Sapporta believed that he found there the common ancestor of the Tilia species of Europe and America.[3]

Uses

The Tilia is recommended as an ornamental tree when a mass of foliage or a deep shade is desired.[3] The tree produces fragrant and nectar-producing flowers, the medicinal herb lime blossom. They are very important honey plants for beekeepers, producing a very pale but richly flavoured monofloral honey. The flowers are also used for herbal tea and tinctures; this kind of use is particularly popular in Europe and also used in North American herbal medicine practices.
Lime Nail galls, caused by the mite, Eriophyes tiliae tiliae.

T. cordata is the preferred species for medical use, having a high concentration of active compounds. It is said to be a nervine, used by herbalists in treating restlessness, hysteria, and headaches. Usually, the double-flowered Tilia species are used to make perfumes. The leaf buds and young leaves are also edible raw. Tilia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species; see List of Lepidoptera that feed on Tilia.

The timber of Tilia trees is soft and easily worked; it has very little grain and a density of 560 kg per cubic metre.[4] It is a popular wood for model building and intricate carving. Especially in Germany, it was the classic wood for sculpture from the Middle Ages onwards and is the material for the elaborate altarpieces of Veit Stoss, Tilman Riemenschneider, and many others. Ease of working and good acoustic properties also make it popular for electric guitar and bass bodies and wind instruments such as recorders. In the past, it was typically used (along with Agathis) for less-expensive models. However, due to its better resonance at mid and high frequency, and better sustain than alder, it is now more commonly in use with the "superstrat" type of guitar. It can also be used for the neck because of its excellent material integrity when bent and ability to produce consistent tone without any dead spots, according to Parker Guitars. In the percussion industry, Tilia is sometimes used as a material for drum shells, both to enhance their sound and their aesthetics.

It is also the wood of choice for the window-blinds and shutters industries. Real wood blinds are often made from this lightweight but strong and stable wood, which is well suited to natural and stained finishes.
Limewood Saint George by Tilman Riemenschneider, c. 1490.

It is known in the trade as basswood, particularly in North America. This name originates from the inner fibrous bark of the tree, known as bast. A very strong fibre is obtained from this, by peeling off the bark and soaking in water for a month, after which the inner fibres can be easily separated. Bast obtained from the inside of the bark of the Tilia tree has been used by the Ainu people of Japan to weave their traditional clothing, the attus. Similar fibres are obtained from other plants are also called bast, named after those from the Tilia: see Bast fibre.

Medicine

Most medicinal research has focused on Tilia cordata, although other species are also used medicinally and somewhat interchangeably. The dried flowers are mildly sweet and sticky, and the fruit is somewhat sweet and mucilaginous. Limeflower tea has a pleasing taste, due to the aromatic volatile oil found in the flowers. The flowers, leaves, wood, and charcoal (obtained from the wood) are used for medicinal purposes. Active ingredients in the Tilia flowers include flavonoids (which act as antioxidants), volatile oils, and mucilaginous constituents (which soothe and reduce inflammation). The plant also contains tannins that can act as an astringent.[5]

Tilia flowers are used medicinally for colds, cough, fever, infections, inflammation, high blood pressure, headache (particularly migraine), and as a diuretic (increases urine production), antispasmodic (reduces smooth muscle spasm along the digestive tract), and sedative.[6] New evidence shows that the flowers may be hepatoprotective.[7] The flowers were added to baths to quell hysteria, and steeped as a tea to relieve anxiety-related indigestion, irregular heartbeat, and vomiting. The leaves are used to promote sweating to reduce fevers. The wood is used for liver and gallbladder disorders and cellulitis (inflammation of the skin and surrounding soft tissue). That wood burned to charcoal is ingested to treat intestinal disorders and used topically to treat edema or infection such as cellulitis or ulcers of the lower leg.[5]

Benzodiazepine like molecules have also been found in aqueous herbal extracts from medicinal South American/ Caribbean plants which has led to speculations that some natural BZDs may participate in sedative effects of certain traditional tea preparations, e. g., from Tilia spp.[8]
Leaves and trunk of common lime (Tilia × europaea)

Classification

The following list comprises those most widely accepted as species and cultivars.

Tilia americana L. – Basswood, American Linden
Tilia amurensis – Amur Lime, Amur Linden
Tilia argentea – Silver Lime
Tilia caroliniana – Carolina Basswood
Tilia chinensis
Tilia chingiana Hu & W.C.Cheng
Tilia cordata Mill. – Small-leaved Lime, Little-leaf Linden or Greenspire Linden
Tilia dasystyla Steven
Tilia euchlora – Caucasian Lime
Tilia henryana Szyszyl. – Henry's Lime, Henry's Linden
Tilia heterophylla Vent. – White Basswood
Tilia hupehensis – Hubei Lime
Tilia insularis
Tilia intonsa
Tilia japonica – Japanese Lime, Shina (When used as a laminate)
†Tilia johnsoni Wolfe & Wehr Eocene; Washington and British Columbia
Tilia kiusiana
Tilia mandshurica – Manchurian Lime
Tilia maximowicziana
Tilia mexicana (T. americana var. mexicana)
Tilia miqueliana
Tilia mongolica – Mongolian Lime, Mongolian Linden
Tilia nasczokinii – Nasczokin's Lime, Nasczokin's Linden
Tilia nobilis
Tilia occidentalis – West lime
Tilia oliveri – Oliver's Lime
Tilia paucicostata
Tilia platyphyllos Scop. – Large-leaved Lime
Tilia rubra – Red Stem Lime (syn. T. platyphyllos var. rubra)
Tilia tomentosa Moench – Silver Lime, Silver Linden
Tilia tuan

Hybrids and cultivars

Tilia × euchlora (T. dasystyla × T. cordata)
Tilia × europaea – Common Lime (T. cordata × T. platyphyllos; syn. T. × vulgaris)
Tilia × petiolaris (T. tomentosa × T. ?)
Tilia 'Flavescens' – Glenleven Linden (T. americana × T. cordata)
Tilia 'Moltkei' (hybrid, unknown origin)
Tilia 'Orbicularis' (hybrid, unknown origin)
Tilia 'Spectabilis' (hybrid, unknown origin)

Cultural significance

Slavic mythology

In old Slavic mythology, the Tilia (lipa, as called in all Slavic languages) was considered a sacred tree.[9] Particularly in Poland, many villages have a name "Święta Lipka" (or similar), which literally means "Holy Lime". To this day, the Tilia tree is a national emblem of Slovakia, Slovenia, the Czech Republic, and the Sorbs. Lipa gave name to the traditional Slavic name for the month of June (Croatian, lipanj) or July (Polish, lipiec). It is also the root for the German city of Leipzig, taken from the Sorbian name lipsk.[10] The Croatian currency, kuna, consists of 100 lipa, also meaning Tilia; "lipa" was also a proposed name for Slovenian currency in 1990, however the name "tolar" ultimately prevailed.[11] In the Slavic Orthodox Christian world, limewood was the preferred wood for panel icon painting. The icons by the hand of Andrei Rublev, including the Holy Trinity (Hospitality of Abraham), and The Savior, now in the State Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow, are painted on Tilia wood. Tilia wood was chosen for its ability to be sanded very smooth and for its resistance to warping once seasoned.

The tree also has cultural and spiritual significance in Hungary, where it is called hárs (fa).

Germanic mythology

The Tilia was also a highly symbolic and hallowed tree to the Germanic peoples in their native pre-Christian Germanic mythology.

Originally, local communities assembled not only to celebrate and dance under a Tilia tree, but to hold their judicial thing meetings there in order to restore justice and peace. It was believed that the tree would help unearth the truth. Thus the tree became associated with jurisprudence even after Christianization, such as in the case of the Gerichtslinde, and verdicts in rural Germany were frequently returned sub tilia (under the Tilia) until the Age of Enlightenment.

In the Nibelungenlied, a medieval German work ultimately based on oral tradition recounting events amongst the Germanic tribes in the 5th and 6th centuries, Siegfried gains his invulnerability by bathing in the blood of a dragon. While he did so, a single Tilia leaf sticks to him, leaving a spot on his body untouched by the blood and he thus has a single point of vulnerability.

The most notable street in Berlin, Germany is called Unter den Linden or Under the Tilias, named after the Tilia trees lining the avenue/boulevard. In German folklore, the Tilia tree is the "tree of lovers."

Greek mythology

Homer, Horace, Virgil, and Pliny mention the Tilia tree and its virtues. As Ovid tells the old story of Baucis and Philemon, she was changed into a Tilia and he into an oak when the time came for them both to die.

Herodotus says:

The Scythian diviners take also the leaf of the Tilia tree, which, dividing into three parts, they twine round their fingers; they then unbind it and exercise the art to which they pretend.
—[3]

Romantic symbol

A mediaeval love poem by Walther von der Vogelweide (c. 1170–c. 1230) starts with a reference to the Tilia tree:
Under der linden

an der heide,

dâ unser zweier bette was,

dâ mugt ir vinden

schône beide

gebrochen bluomen unde gras.

vor dem wald in einem tal,

tandaradei,

schône sanc diu nahtegal.
Under the Tilia tree

on the open field,

where we two had our bed,

you still can see

lovely both

broken flowers and grass.

On the edge of the woods in a vale,

tandaradei,

sweetly sang the nightingale.

Tilia trees play a significant motif in a number of poems written by Mihai Eminescu. An excerpt from his poem Mai am un singur dor (One Wish Alone Have I):
Pătrunză talanga While softly rings
Al serii rece vânt, The evening's cool wind
Deasupră-mi teiul sfânt Above me the holy Tilia
Să-şi scuture creanga. Shakes its branch.

— translation: M.G.Jiva

In 1979, the trees were featured in the song Gelato al Cioccolato on the album of the same name by Italian singer-songwriter Enzo Ghinazzi, also known as Pupo.

In 2003, the trees were featured in the popular song "Dragostea Din Tei" ("Love from Tilia Trees") by the Moldovan band O-Zone.

Literary references

A play called "The Linden Tree" (1947) was written by Bradford-born English novelist, playwright and broadcaster J.B. Priestley.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge features Tilia trees as an important symbol in his poem "This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison" (written 1797; first published 1800).
The short poems (Fraszki) of Polish poet Jan Kochanowski commonly feature Tilia trees, especially "Na Lipę" (To The Tilia Tree), published in 1584. Kochanowski was heavily influenced by the Czarnolas, or the Polish Black Forest, where the dominant tree species is Tilia.
The Tilia tree is featured as a symbol of supernatural dread in Hannah Crafts' The Bondwoman's Narrative.
A road lined with Tilia trees is cursed by the narrator of the censored poem, "Ich was ein chint so wolgetan" (I was such a lovely child), from the Carmina Burana.
A poem from Wilhelm Müller's Winterreise cycle of poems is called "Der Lindenbaum" (The Linden Tree). The cycle was later set to music by Franz Schubert.
Goethe's The Sorrows of Young Werther features a Tilia tree throughout the novel, and the protagonist, Werther, is buried under the tree after his suicide.
Tilia trees are featured in Tolstoy's War and Peace.
In Swann's Way, the first book of Proust's In Search of Lost Time, the narrator dips a petite madeleine into a cup of Tilia blossom tea. The aroma and taste of cake and tea triggers his first conscious involuntary memory.
The band Bright Eyes has a song called "Lime Tree" on the album Cassadaga: "Under the eaves of that old Lime Tree I stood examining the fruit."
Prominently featured throughout Nobel Laureate Orhan Pamuk's The Museum of Innocence.
Tilia trees are a recurring theme in Romanian author Mihai Eminescu's poems. Upon his wish he was interred under one's shade.
A Tilia tree is prominent in the setting of Anton Chekhov's play The Seagull (Act II).
The song "Dragostea din tei" by Moldovan band O-zone features several references to linden trees.
A short story written by Herman Hesse, "The Three Linden Trees"
A song written by Joan Baez, "For Sasha", mentions the linden tree; from the album Honest Lullaby
A poem from Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow, sung by the German witch Geli Tripping, mentions a linden tree:

"Though it’s another year, Though it’s another me, Under the rose is a drying tear, Under my linden tree… Love never goes away, Not if it’s really true, It can return by night, by day, Tender and green and new As the leaves from a linden tree, love, That I left with you."

References

^ OED
^ IEW
^ a b c d e f Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New York: Charles Scriber's Sons. pp. 24–31.
^ Lime timber. Niche Timbers. Accessed 19-08-2009.
^ a b Bradley P., ed. (1992). British Herbal Compendium. Vol. 1: 142–144. British Herbal Medicine Association, Dorset (Great Britain)
^ Coleta, M., Campos, M. G., Cotrim, M. D., et al. (2001). Comparative evaluation of Melissa officinalis L., Tilia europaea L., Passiflora edulis Sims. and Hypericum perforatum L. in the elevated plus maze anxiety test. Pharmacopsychiatry 34 (suppl 1): S20–1
^ Matsuda. H., Ninomiya, K., Shimoda, H., & Yoshikawa, M. (2002). Hepatoprotective principles from the flowers of Tilia argentea (linden): structure requirements of tiliroside and mechanisms of action. Bioorg Med Chem. 10 (30): 707–712.
^ BMedina JH, Paladini AC (1993a) Occurrence of benzodiazepine, benzodiazepine-like molecules and other ligands for the benzodiazepine receptor in nature. In: Izquierdo I, Medina JH (eds) Naturally Occurring Benzodiazepines. Structure, Distribution and Function. Ellis Horwood London, pp 28–43
^ Archaeology and Language: Language change and cultural transformation Roger Blench, Matthew Spriggs, p.199
^ Hanswilhelm Haefs. Das 2. Handbuch des nutzlosen Wissens. ISBN 3-8311-3754-4 (German)
^ See Slovenska lipa