Simsia

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Campanulids
Ordo: Asterales

Familia: Asteraceae
Subfamilia: Asteroideae
Tribus: Heliantheae
Subtribus: Helianthinae
Genus: Simsia
Species: S. amplexicaulis – S. annectens – S. benziorum – S. bicentenarialis – S. calva – S. chaseae – S. cronquistii – S. dombeyana – S. eurylepis – S. foetida – S. fruticulosa – S. ghiesbreghtii – S. guatemalensis – S. hintonii – S. holwayi – S. jamaicensis – S. lagasceiformis – S. molinae – S. ovata – S. pastoensis – S. rhombifolia – S. sanguinea – S. santarosensis – S. setosa – S. spooneri – S. steyermarkii – S. submollicoma – S. subsetosa – S. sylvicola – S. tenuis – S. villasenorii

Source(s) of checklist:
Name

Simsia Pers., Syn. Pl. 2: 478. 1807.

Type species: Coreopsis amplexicaulis Cav. LT designated by Robinson & Brettell, Phytologia 24: 364 (1972)

Synonyms

Encelia sect. Simsia (Pers.) A.Gray
Barrattia A.Gray & Engelm. ex A.Gray

References

Persoon, C.H. 1806–1807. Synopsis plantarum, seu enchiridium botanicum, complectens enumerationem systematicam specierum hucusque cognitarum. Pars secunda. 657 pp. Apud Bibliopolas Treuttel et Würtz, Parisiis Lutetiorum [Paris]; Apud J. G. Cottam, Tubingae [Tübingen]. BHL Biblioteca Digital Reference page. : 2: 478.

Links

International Plant Names Index. 2018. Simsia (Asteraceae). Published online. Accessed: Feb. 09 2018.
The Plant List 2013. Simsia (Asteraceae) in The Plant List Version 1.1. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2018 Feb. 09.
Tropicos.org 2018. Simsia (Asteraceae). Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2018 Feb. 09.
Hassler, M. 2018. Simsia (Asteraceae). World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2018. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2018 Feb. 09. Reference page.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Pers. in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: Simsia.
Simsia Pers. – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Simsia – Taxon details on National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).

Vernacular names
English: bushsunflower

Simsia is a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower tribe within the daisy family.[4][6] It includes annuals, herbaceous perennials, and shrubs. They range from the western United States south through Central and South America to Argentina, with the center of diversity occurring in Mexico. The genus is named for British physician and botanist John Sims (1749–1831).[7] Although some species are relatively rare, others have become common weeds that line the roadsides and fields of Mexico, often forming dense stands mixed with Tithonia and other Asteraceae. Some species are known by the common name bushsunflower.[8]
Description and systematics

A feature that characterizes many of the species of the genus and helps to distinguish them from related genera is the extremely flattened cypsela (achene). There are, however, several species in which the cypsela is biconvex, and these are recognized as belonging to Simsia by a group of other, mostly technical features, including nodal disks (stipule-like appendages at the base of the petioles), relatively long and narrow ray ovaries, and long and tapering style branches that lack a pronounced apical appendage.[7]

The genus was thoroughly studied by Spooner[9] using comparative morphology, chromosome counts, and crossing experiments, and based on samples from wide-ranging field work. Subsequently two new species have been documented,[10] and additional species are being transferred into the genus. Although at one time, Simsia was considered to be related to other genera with flattened cypselae, such as Encelia, it is now firmly established that Simsia is part of subtribe Helianthinae (the taxonomic group which includes the common sunflower, Helianthus annuus), and is a close relative of Tithonia[7][11]

All of the species for which chromosome counts have been made are diploid (x = 17), and crossing experiments suggest that there are few barriers to hybridization between species of the genus. Natural hybridization appears to occur and may complicate identification of some specimens, particularly involving the weedy species such as S. foetida, S. amplexicaulis, and S. lagascaeformis.[5]

Species[1][12][13]

Simsia amplexicaulis (Cav.) Pers. - Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (from Chihuahua to Chiapas)
Simsia annectens S.F.Blake - Chiapas, Michoacán, Oaxaca, Guerrero, México State, Jalisco, Nayarit
Simsia calva (A.Gray) A.Gray – Awnless bush sunflower[14] - Nuevo León, Coahuila, Hidalgo, Tamaulipas, United States (TX NM)
Simsia caucana Cuatrec. - Cauca in Colombia
Simsia chaseae (Millspaugh) S.F.Blake - Veracruz, Yucatán Peninsula
Simsia dombeyana (A.Gray) S.F.Blake - Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina
Simsia eurylepis S.F.Blake - San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Campeche, Nuevo León
Simsia foetida (Cav.) S.F.Blake[15] - from Michoacán to Nicaragua
Simsia fruticulosa (Sprengel) S.F.Blake - Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador
Simsia ghiesbreghtii (A.Gray) S.F.Blake - Chiapas, Guatemala
Simsia grandiflora Benth. ex Oerst. - Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, Chiapas
Simsia guatemalensis H.Rob. & Brettell - Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala
Simsia hispida (Kunth) Cass. - San Luis Potosí, Michoacán, México State
Simsia holwayi S.F.Blake - Guatemala, Chiapas
Simsia jamaicensis S.F.Blake - Jamaica
Simsia lagascaeformis DC. – Annual bush sunflower[14] - Mexico, Guatemala, United States (AZ TX NM)
Simsia molinae H.Rob. & Brettell - Honduras, Nicaragua
Simsia pastoensis Triana - Colombia
Simsia sanguinea A.Gray - El Salvador, Guatemala, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz, Michoacán, Morelos, México State, Jalisco
Simsia santarosensis Spooner - Costa Rica
Simsia setosa S.F.Blake - Sonora, Durango, Nayarit
Simsia steyermarkii H.Rob. & Brettell - Guatemala
Simsia subaristata A.Gray - Nuevo León
Simsia tenuis (Fernald) S.F.Blake - Guerrero
Simsia villasenorii Spooner - Chiapas, Oaxaca

Formerly included[1]

numerous species now regarded as members of other genera: Encelia Geraea Iostephane Viguiera
References

Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist Archived 2014-11-06 at archive.today
"Genus: Simsia Pers". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 1996-09-17. Retrieved 2011-02-13.
Tropicos, Simsia R. Br.
Tropicos, Simsia Pers.
Robinson, Harold Ernest; Brettell, R. D. (1972). "Studies in the Heliantheae (Asteraceae). II. A survey of the Mexican and Central American species of Simsia". Phytologia. 24 (5): 361–377. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.17146.
Persoon, Christiaan Hendrik. 1807. Synopsis Plantarum 2: 478-479 in Latin
Spooner, David M. "Simsia Persoon, Syn. Pl. 2: 478. 1807". Flora of North America. eFloras.org. Retrieved 2011-12-30.
USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Simsia". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
Spooner, D. M. 1990. Systematics of Simsia (Compositae-Heliantheae). Systematic Botany Monographs 30: 1-90.
Panero, J. L.; E. E. Schilling (1992). "Two new species of Simsia from southern Mexico". Novon. 2 (4): 35–38. doi:10.2307/3391498. JSTOR 3391498.
Schilling, E. E.; J. L. Panero (1996). "Phylogenetic reticulation in subtribe Helianthinae". American Journal of Botany. 83 (7): 939–948. doi:10.2307/2446272. JSTOR 2446272.
The Plant List search for Simsia
Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps
"Simsia". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2011-02-13.
"GRIN Species Records of Simsia". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-02-13.