Silybum

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Campanulids
Ordo: Asterales

Familia: Asteraceae
Subfamilia: Carduoideae
Tribus: Cardueae
Subtribus: Carduinae
Genus: Silybum
Species: S. eburneum – S. marianum

Nothospecies: S. × gonzaloi
Name

Silybum Vaill., 1754.

Typus: S. marianum
(L.) Gaertn.
Synonyms

Homotypic

Mariacantha Bubani, Fl. Pyrenaea 2: 149. 1899.
Mariana Hill, Veg. Syst. 4: 19. 1762, nom. rej.
Silybum Adans., Fam. Pl. (Adanson) 2: 116, 605. 1763, nom. illeg.

Notes

Silybum intermedium Willk., Index Sem. Hort. Dorpat. 6. 1869, nomen non vestigium.

References

Adanson, M. 1763. Fam. 2: 116, 605.
Farr, E. R. & Zijlstra, G. eds. (1996-) Index Nominum Genericorum (Plantarum). 2010 May 23 [1].
Vaillant, S. 1754. Phys. Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Paris 5: 173.

Vernacular names
čeština: Ostropestřec mariánský
Deutsch: Mariendistel
English: Milk thistle
suomi: Maarianohdakkeet
français: Chardon-Marie
lietuvių: Margainis
Nederlands: Mariadistel
polski: Ostropest
русский: Расторопша
中文: 乳薊

Silybum (milk thistle) is a genus of two species of thistles in the daisy family.[1][3] The plants are native to the Mediterranean regions of Europe,[4] North Africa, and the Middle East. One species has been introduced elsewhere, including in North America.[5] The name "milk thistle" derives from a feature of the leaves, which are prominently banded with splashes of white. Historically, these milky bands were said to be Mother Mary's milk, and this is the origin of another common name, St. Mary's thistle. The most widespread species is Silybum marianum.[6]

Claims have been made since ancient times[when?][where?] that the active flavanoid-lignan (flavanolignan) group of constituents, called silymarin, contained only in the seed shell has liver-protective and regenerative properties, as well as antioxidant effects. Chemical, pharmacological, and safety research started in Germany in the 1950s . In 2007, a Cochrane review of the research literature found that in clinical trials using high-quality methods, there was no significant medical improvement from milk thistle for patients with alcoholic or Hepatitis B or C liver disease.[7]

Description and classification
Dried thistle flowers at the end of summer

Members of this genus grow as annual or biennial plants. The erect stem is tall, branched and furrowed but not spiny. The large, alternate leaves are waxy-lobed, toothed and thorny, as in other genera of thistle. The lower leaves are sessile (attached to the stem without petiole). The upper leaves have a clasping base. They have large, disc-shaped pink-to-purple, rarely white, solitary flower heads at the end of the stem. The flowers consist of tubular florets. The phyllaries under the flowers occur in many rows, with the outer row with spine-tipped lobes and apical spines. The fruit is a black achene with a white pappus.[8]

Species and varieties[9][10]

Silybum eburneum Coss. & Dur., known as the silver milk thistle, elephant thistle, or ivory thistle - Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Spain
Silybum eburneum Coss. & Dur. var. hispanicum
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner, the blessed milk thistle, which has a large number of other common names, such as variegated thistle. - widespread across much of Europe, Asia, and North Africa from Norway and the Canary Islands to China and Maluku; naturalized in Australia, New Zealand, and the Americas

The two species hybridise naturally, the hybrid being known as Silybum × gonzaloi Cantó, Sánchez Mata & Rivas Mart. (S. eburneum var. hispanicum x S. marianum)

formerly included[9]

Silybum atriplicifolium - Synurus deltoides
Silybum cernuum - Alfredia cernua

Silybum marianum is by far the more widely known species. Milk thistle is believed to give some remedy for liver diseases (e.g. viral hepatitis) and the extract, silymarin, is used in medicine. Mild gastrointestinal distress is the most common adverse event reported for milk thistle. The incidence is the same as for placebo.[11] A laxative effect for milk thistle has also been reported infrequently.[12]
Claims of health benefits
Flowerhead of Silybum marianum

For many centuries extracts of milk thistle have been recognized as "liver tonics."[13] Milk thistle has been reported to have protective effects on the liver and to greatly improve its function. It is typically used to treat liver cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis (liver inflammation), toxin-induced liver damage including the prevention of severe liver damage from Amanita phalloides ('death cap' mushroom poisoning), and gallbladder disorders.[12][14]

Reviews of the literature covering clinical studies of silymarin vary in their conclusions. A review examining studies with a double-blind protocol concluded that milk thistle and its derivatives has no significant effect on mortality or course of disease in individuals with alcoholic and/or hepatitis B or C disease.[7]
See also

Cnicus (Blessed thistle)
Silybum marianum (Blessed milk thistle)

References

Tropicos, Silybum Vaill.
Tropicos search for Silybum
Vaillant, Sébastien. 1754. Der Konigl. Akademie der Wissenschaften in Paris Physische Abhandlungen 5: 173, 605
"Herbs At A Glance – Milk Thistle". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=130368
Altervista Flora Italiana, Cardo mariano, Blessed Milkthistle, Variegated Thistle, silybe de Marie, Mariendistel, Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. includes photos and distribution maps
Rambaldi A, Jacobs BP, Gluud C (2007). Rambaldi A (ed.). "Milk thistle for alcoholic and/or hepatitis B or C virus liver diseases". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD003620. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003620.pub3. PMID 17943794.
Flora of North America, Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 164, Blessed milkthistle, Silybum marianum (Linnaeus) Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 378. 1791.
Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist Archived 2015-01-15 at archive.today
The Plant List search for Silybum
Rainone, F (2005). "Milk thistle". American Family Physician. 72 (7): 1285–1288. PMID 16225032.
Greenlee, H; Abascal, K; Yarnel, E; Ladas, E (2007). "Clinical applications of Silybum marianum in oncology". Integrative Cancer Therapies. 6 (2): 158–165. doi:10.1177/1534735407301727. PMID 17548794.
Gazák R, Walterová D, Kren V (2007). "Silybin and silymarin—new and emerging applications in medicine". Curr. Med. Chem. 14 (3): 315–38. doi:10.2174/092986707779941159. PMID 17305535.
Tamayo, C; Diamond, S (2007). "Review of clinical trials evaluating safety and efficacy of milk thistle (Silybum marianum [L.] Gaertn.)". Integrative Cancer Therapies. 6 (2): 146–157. doi:10.1177/1534735407301942. PMID 17548793.