Restionaceae

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Cladus: Commelinids
Ordo: Poales

Familia: Restionaceae
Subfamiliae: Anarthrioideae - Centrolepidoideae - Leptocarpoideae - Restionoideae - Sporadanthoideae
Genera: Alexgeorgea – Anarthria – Anthochortus – Aphelia – Apodasmia – Askidiosperma – Baloskion – Calorophus – Cannomois – Catacolea – Centrolepis – Ceratocaryum – Chaetanthus – Chordifex – Coleocarya – Cytogonidium – Dapsilanthus – Desmocladus – Dielsia – Elegia – Empodisma – Eurychorda – Gaimardia – Hopkinsia – Hydrophilus – Hypodiscus – Hypolaena – Lepidobolus – Leptocarpus – Lepyrodia – Loxocarya – Lyginia – Mastersiella – Melanostachya – Nevillea – Platycaulos – Platychorda – Restio – Rhodocoma – Soroveta – Sporadanthus – Staberoha – Taraxis – Thamnochortus – Tremulina – Tyrbastes – Willdenowia – Winifredia

Name

Restionaceae R.Br. Prodr. 243. (1810) nom. cons.

Type genus: Restio Rottb. Descr. Pl. Rar. 9. (1772) nom. cons.

Synonyms

Heterotypic
Centrolepidaceae Endl., Gen. Pl. 119. (1836) nom. cons
Elegiaceae Raf. Fl. Tellur. 4: 32, 33. (1838)
Anarthriaceae D.F.Cutler & Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 19(3): 489. (1965)

References

Brown, R. 1810. Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae, 243. BHL
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181(1): 1–20. DOI: 10.1111/boj.12385 Reference page.
Briggs, B.G. & Linder, H.P. 2009. A new subfamilial and tribal classification of Restionaceae (Poales). Telopea 12(3): 333–345. PDF Reference page.
Briggs, B.G., Marchant, A.D., & Perkins, A.J. 2010. Phylogeny and features in Restionaceae, Centrolepidaceae and Anarthriaceae (restiid clade of Poales). Pp. 357-388, in Seberg, O., Petersen, G., Barfod, A. S., & Davis, J. I. (eds), Diversity, Phylogeny, and Evolution in the Monocotyledons. Åarhus University Press, Århus.
Briggs, B.G., Marchant, A.D., & Perkins, A.J. 2014. Phylogeny of the restiid clade (Poales) and implications for the classification of Anarthriaceae, Centrolepidaceae and Australian Restionaceae. Taxon 63: 24–46. PDF available online from ResearchGate
Govaerts, R. et al. 2019. Restionaceae in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 June 17. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2020. Restionaceae in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2020 July 25. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2013. Restionaceae. Published online. Accessed: 16 Sept. 2013.
Linder, H.P., Briggs, B.G. & Johnson, L.A.S. 1998. Restionaceae. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons: Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae) 425-445.
Stevens, P.F. 2001 onwards. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, July 2017 [and more or less continuously updated since]. Online. Reference page.
Trias-Blasi, A., Baker, W.J., Haigh, A.L., Simpson, D.A., Weber, O. & Wilkin, P. 2015. A genus-level phylogenetic linear sequence of monocots. Taxon 64(3): 552-581. DOI: 10.12705/643.9. PDF available online from ResearchGate Reference page. c.f. with Briggs et al. (2009, 2010 and 2014)
Tropicos.org 2013. Restionaceae. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2013 Sept. 16.

Vernacular names
English: Restios
suomi: Restiokasvit
中文: 帚灯草科

The Restionaceae, also called restiads and restios, are a family of flowering plants native to the Southern Hemisphere; they vary from a few centimeters to 3 meters in height. Following the APG IV (2016):[1] the family now includes the former families Anarthriaceae, Centrolepidaceae and Lyginiaceae, and as such includes 51 genera with 572 known species.[2] Based on evidence from fossil pollens, the Restionaceae likely originated more than 65 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous period, when the southern continents were still part of Gondwana.[3]

Description

The family consists of tufted or rhizomatous, herbaceous plants belonging to a group of monocotyledons that includes several similar families, such as the sedges, rushes, and grasses. They have green, photosynthetic stems and leaves that have been reduced to sheaths. Their flowers are extremely small and in spikelets, which in turn make up the inflorescences. Male and female flowers are on separate plants and, like grasses, are wind-pollinated.
Distribution

Plants in the family are distributed on all the southern continents - South America (1 sp., Apodasmia chilensis), Africa south of the Equator and including Madagascar (about 330 spp.) and Australia (about 150 spp.) - in New Zealand (four spp.) and widely distributed in Southeast Asia (one sp.). They are often dominant elements of the flora in the Mediterranean climates of South Africa and Western Australia. They are the defining family in the Western Cape fynbos plant community.[4] The South American species is very similar to one of the New Zealand species, leading to the conjecture that it might have crossed the Pacific in the last 30 million years. The distribution of restios in Africa is irregular, with the same single species occurring in Madagascar, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, and Malawi, while a different species is found in the Chimanimani Mountains of eastern Zimbabwe. Four species are found in the Natal Drakensberg, one of which spills over into Mpumalanga and Limpopo provinces. The vast majority of species, though, are to be found in the Cape Floristic Region and particularly plentiful on hard sandstone formations. The center of diversity lies in the Kogelberg, where more than a third of all Restionaceae may be found.[5] Restionaceae are grown in Kirstenbosch, Cape Town's National Botanical Gardens.

A number of the largest African species have become popular as garden ornamentals in many parts of the world, some being useful as accent plants similar to small species of bamboo, but with pendant stems of greater delicacy. Also, many smaller species offer a great variety of decorative features and deserve horticultural attention.
Taxonomy

The family Restionaceae has been recognized by most taxonomists. The APG II system of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, 1998), recognizes this family and assigns it to the order Poales, in the clade commelinids of the monocots. The Cronquist system of 1981 also recognized this family and placed it in the order Restionales, in the subclass Commelinidae in class Liliopsida in division Magnoliophyta.
Genera

As of 2020, Kew's Plants of the World Online lists the following 48 genera in the family Restionaceae:[6]

Alexgeorgea Carlquist
Anarthria R.Br.
Anthochortus Nees ex Endl.
Aphelia R.Br.
Apodasmia B.G.Briggs & L.A.S.Johnson
Askidiosperma Steud.
Baloskion Raf.
Calorophus Labill.
Cannomois P.Beauv. ex Desv.
Catacolea B.G.Briggs & L.A.S.Johnson
Centrolepis Labill.
Ceratocaryum Nees
Chaetanthus R.Br.
Chordifex B.G.Briggs & L.A.S.Johnson
Coleocarya S.T.Blake
Cytogonidium B.G.Briggs & L.A.S.Johnson
Dapsilanthus B.G.Briggs & L.A.S.Johnson
Desmocladus Nees
Dielsia Gilg
Elegia L.
Empodisma L.A.S.Johnson & D.F.Cutler
Eurychorda B.G.Briggs & L.A.S.Johnson
Gaimardia Gaudich.
Hopkinsia W.Fitzg.
Hydrophilus H.P.Linder
Hypodiscus Nees
Hypolaena R.Br.
Lepidobolus Nees
Leptocarpus R.Br.
Lepyrodia R.Br.
Loxocarya R.Br.
Lyginia R.Br.
Mastersiella Gilg-Ben.
Melanostachya B.G.Briggs & L.A.S.Johnson
Nevillea Esterh. & H.P.Linder
Platycaulos H.P.Linder
Platychorda B.G.Briggs & L.A.S.Johnson
Restio Rottb.
Rhodocoma Nees
Soroveta H.P.Linder & C.R.Hardy
Sporadanthus F.Muell. ex Buchanan
Staberoha Kunth
Taraxis B.G.Briggs & L.A.S.Johnson
Thamnochortus P.J.Bergius
Tremulina B.G.Briggs & L.A.S.Johnson
Tyrbastes B.G.Briggs & L.A.S.Johnson
Willdenowia Thunb.
Winifredia L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs

References

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 1–20, doi:10.1111/boj.12385
Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
Bremer, K. (2002). "Gondwanan Evolution of the Grass Alliance of Families (Poales)." Evolution, 56(7): 1374-1387. [1] Archived 2013-07-28 at the Wayback Machine
Linder, H. Peter; Pia Eldenas; Barbara G. Briggs (2003). "Contrasting patterns of radiation in African and Australian Restionaceae". Evolution. 57 (12): 2688–2702. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb01513.x. PMID 14761050.
Restios of the Fynbos - Els Dorrat Haaksma, H. Peter Linder (Botanical Society of South Africa, 2000)
"Restionaceae R.Br". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 1 December 2020.