Potentilla

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids I
Ordo: Rosales

Familia: Rosaceae
Subfamilia: Rosoideae
Tribus: Potentilleae
Subtribus: Potentillinae
Genus: Potentilla
Species
a

P. acaulis – P. adenotricha – P. adriatica – P. agrimonioides – P. aladaghensis – P. alba – P. albiflora – P. alchimilloides – P. algida – P. alpicola – P. alsatica – P. altaica – P. ambigens – P. amicarum – P. anachoretica – P. anadryensis – P. anatolica – P. ancistrifolia – P. anemonifolia – P. angelliae – P. anglica – P. angustiloba – P. apennina – P. aperta – P. approximata – P. arcadiensis – P. arctica – P. arenosa – P. argaea – P. argentea – P. argenteiformis – P. argyrocoma – P. argyroloma – P. argyrophylla – P. arizonica – P. articulata – P. asiae-mediae – P. asiatica – P. asinaria – P. aspegrenii – P. asperrima – P. assalemica – P. asterotricha – P. astracanica – P. astragalifolia – P. asturica – P. atrosanguinea – P. aucheriana – P. aurea
b

P. bactriana – P. baekdusanensis – P. baileyi – P. balansae – P. bannehalensis – P. basaltica – P. beringensis – P. beringii – P. betonicifolia – P. bhutanica – P. bicrenata – P. biennis – P. biflora – P. bimundorum – P. bipinnatifida – P. bolanderi – P. bornmuelleri – P. botschantzeviana – P. brachypetala – P. brauneana – P. brevifolia – P. brevifoliolata – P. bruceae – P. bryoides – P. buccoana – P. bungei – P. butkovii
c

P. calabra – P. californica – P. caliginosa – P. callida – P. camillae – P. campestris – P. canadensis – P. candicans – P. cappadocica – P. carniolica – P. cathaclines – P. caulescens – P. centigrana – P. chalchorum – P. chamaeleo – P. chamissonis – P. chinensis – P. chionea – P. chrysantha – P. cinerea – P. clandestina – P. clevelandii – P. clusiana – P. coelestis – P. collettiana – P. concinna – P. conferta – P. congdonis – P. congesta – P. coreana – P. coriandrifolia – P. cottamii – P. crantzii – P. crassinervia – P. crebridens – P. crenulata – P. crinita – P. cristae – P. cryeri – P. cryptocaulis – P. cryptophila – P. cryptotaeniae – P. curviseta – P. czerepninii
d

P. darvazica – P. daucifolia – P. delavayi – P. delphinensis – P. demotica – P. dentata – P. deorum – P. desertorum – P. detommasii – P. dickinsii – P. discipulorum – P. discolor – P. divaricata – P. diversidentata – P. divina – P. doddsii – P. doerfleri – P. dombeyi – P. doubjonneana – P. douglasii – P. drummondii – P. durangensis
e

P. effusa – P. ehrenbergiana – P. ekaterinae – P. elatior – P. elegans – P. elegantissima – P. elvendensis – P. emilii-popii – P. erecta – P. eriocarpa – P. eversmanniana – P. evestita – P. exigua – P. exuta
f

P. fedtschenkoana – P. ferganensis – P. flabellata – P. flabellifolia – P. flaccida – P. flagellaris – P. flavida – P. foersteriana – P. fragarioides – P. fragiformis – P. freyniana – P. frigida – P. fulgens – P. furcata
g

P. gageodoensis – P. gaubaeana – P. geranioides – P. gerardiana – P. glaucescens – P. glaucophylla – P. gobica – P. goldmanii – P. gordonii – P. gracilis – P. gracillima – P. grammopetala – P. grandiflora – P. granulosa – P. grayi – P. greuteriana – P. griffithii – P. grisea – P. guilliermondii
h

P. haematochrus – P. haynaldiana – P. hebiichigo – P. hendersonii – P. heptaphylla – P. heterosepala – P. heynei – P. hickmanii – P. hippiana – P. hirta – P. hispanica – P. hispidula – P. holmgrenii – P. hololeuca – P. hookeriana – P. horrida – P. howellii – P. hubsugulica – P. hudsonii – P. humifusa – P. humillis – P. hyparctica – P. hypargyrea
i

P. ikonnikovii – P. imerethica – P. incana – P. inclinata – P. indica – P. intermedia – P. iranica – P. isaurica
j

P. jaegeri – P. jenissejensis – P. jepsonii – P. jiaozishanensis – P. johanniniana – P. johnstonii – P. junatovii
k

P. kamelinii – P. karatavica – P. kashmirica – P. khanminczunii – P. kingii – P. kionaea – P. komaroviana – P. kotschyana – P. kryloviana – P. kulabensis – P. kuramensis – P. kurdica – P. kuznetzowii
l

P. lancinata – P. lasiodonta – P. lazica – P. leonina – P. leptopetala – P. leschenaultiana – P. leucopolitana – P. libanotica – P. lignipes – P. limprichtii – P. lindackeri – P. lindleyi – P. lipskyana – P. litoralis – P. lomakinii – P. longibracteata – P. longifolia – P. longipes – P. luteosericea – P. lycopodioides
m

P. macdonaldii – P. macounii – P. macrosepala – P. makaluensis – P. mallota – P. marinensis – P. martjanowii – P. matsumurae – P. maura – P. megalantha – P. mexiae – P. meyeri – P. micheneri – P. micrantha – P. microdons – P. millefolia – P. mollissima – P. monanthes – P. mongolica – P. montana – P. montenegrina – P. morefieldii – P. morrisonensis – P. muirii – P. mujensis – P. multicaulis – P. multiceps – P. multifida – P. multifoliolata – P. multijuga – P. multisecta
n

P. nana – P. nanopetala – P. neglecta – P. nepalensis – P. nerimaniae – P. nervosa – P. nevadensis – P. newberryi – P. nicicii – P. niponica – P. nitida – P. nivalis – P. nivea – P. nordmanniana – P. norvegica – P. nubigena – P. nuda – P. nurensis
o

P. oaxacana – P. olchonensis – P. omeiensis – P. omissa – P. ornithopoda – P. osterhoutii – P. ovina – P. oweriniana – P. ozjorensis
p

P. pamirica – P. pamiroalaica – P. paniculata – P. pannosa – P. parryi – P. patellifera – P. patula – P. paucidentata – P. pedata – P. pedersenii – P. pendula – P. penniphylla – P. pensylvanica – P. persica – P. petraea – P. petrovskyi – P. pickeringii – P. pimpinelloides – P. pindicola – P. pityocharis – P. plattensis – P. plumosa – P. plurijuga – P. porphyrantha – P. potaninii – P. poteriifolia – P. praecox – P. pseudosericea – P. pseudosimulatrix – P. pteropoda – P. pulchella – P. pulcherrima – P. pulvinaris – P. pulviniformis – P. purpurascens – P. purpurea – P. pusilla – P. pyrenaica
q

P. queretarensis
r

P. radiata – P. ranunculoides – P. recta – P. regeliana – P. reptans – P. reuteri – P. rhenana – P. rhyolitica – P. rhypara – P. richardii – P. rigidula – P. rigoana – P. rimicola – P. riparia – P. rivalis – P. robbinsiana – P. rosulifera – P. rubella – P. rubra – P. rubricaulis – P. rudolfii – P. rupifraga – P. rupincola – P. ruprechtii – P. rydbergii
s

P. sabulosa – P. sajanensis – P. salsa – P. sangedehensis – P. sanguinea – P. sanguisorba – P. santolinoides – P. saposhnikovii – P. saundersiana – P. savvalensis – P. saxifraga – P. saxosa – P. schmakovii – P. schrenkiana – P. scotica – P. seidlitziana – P. sergievskajae – P. sericata – P. sericea – P. sericoleuca – P. serrata – P. setosa – P. shockleyi – P. sierrae-blancae – P. sikkimensis – P. silesiaca – P. simplex – P. simulatrix – P. sinonivea – P. sischanensis – P. smirnovii – P. sommerfeltii – P. soongorica – P. speciosa – P. sphenophylla – P. spodiochlora – P. spoliata – P. squamosa – P. staminea – P. stanjukoviczii – P. stepposa – P. sterilis – P. stewartiana – P. stipularis – P. stolonifera – P. straussii – P. suavis – P. subarenaria – P. subgorodkovii – P. subjuga – P. sublaevis – P. subpalmata – P. subvahliana – P. subviscosa – P. sundaica – P. supina – P. szovitsii
t

P. tanacetifolia – P. taronensis – P. taurica – P. tauricola – P. tenuis – P. tephroleuca – P. tephroserica – P. tergemina – P. tericholica – P. tetrandra – P. thurberi – P. thuringiaca – P. thyrsiflora – P. tianschanica – P. tilingii – P. tobolensis – P. togasii – P. tollii – P. tommasiniana – P. tornezyana – P. townsendii – P. toyamensis – P. tridentula – P. truncata – P. tschimganica – P. tschukotica – P. tuberculifera – P. tucumanensis – P. tularensis – P. turczaninowiana – P. turfosoides – P. turgaica – P. tweedyi – P. tytthantha
u

P. uliginosa – P. umbrosa – P. uniflora – P. unguiculata – P. utahensis
v

P. vahliana – P. valderia – P. verna – P. versicolor – P. verticillaris – P. villosa – P. virgata – P. visianii – P. volgarica – P. vorobievii – P. vulcanicola – P. vvedenskyi
w

P. webberi – P. weddellii – P. wheeleri – P. wilderae – P. wimanniana – P. wismariensis – P. wrangelii
x

P. xizangensis
y

P. yadonii
z

P. zhangbeiensis

Nothospecies: P. x ala-arczae – P. x aurantiaca – P. x beckii – P. x bishkekensis – P. x blanda – P. × borealis – P. × boreo-caucasica – P. × burjatica – P. × chemalensis – P. x collina – P. x concinniformis – P. x decipiens – P. x diskleii – P. x diversifolia – P. × gilgitica – P. × gorodkovii – P. × grandiloba – P. × habievii – P. × hara-kurosawae – P. × ibrahimiana – P. × insularis – P. × italica – P. × jakovlevii – P. × kerneri – P. × lenae – P. × macropoda – P. × masakii – P. × mixta – P. × musashinoana – P. × mutabilis – P. × nebulosa – P. × okensis – P. × prostrata – P. × safronoviae – P. × scholziana – P. × semiargentea – P. × subdigitata – P. × suberecta – P. × tikhomirovii – P. × tolmatchevii – P. × tschaunensis – P. × uschakovii – P. × vanzhilii – P. × villosula – P. x yamanakae
Check Probable Synonyms:

P. ambigua – P. fulgens
Name

Potentilla L., Sp. Pl. 1: 495 (1753)

Type species: Potentilla reptans L., Sp. Pl. 1: 495 (1753)

Synonyms

Heterotypic
Callionia Greene
Chamaephyton Fourr.
Chionice Bunge ex Ledeb.
Coelas Dulac
Comarella Rydb.
Commarum Schrank
Duchesnea Sm.
Dynamidium Fourr.
Fraga Lapeyr.
Fragariastrum Heist. ex Fabr.
Fragariastrum (Ser.) Schur
Horkelia Cham. & Schltdl.
Horkeliella (Rydb.) Rydb.
Hypargyrium Fourr.
Ivesia Torr. & A.Gray
Jussiea L. ex Sm.
Lehmannia Trattinick, Rosac. Monogr. 4: 144 (1824), nom. illeg. non Spreng. (1817)
Pentaphylloides Duhamel
Pentaphyllum Hill
Pentaphyllum Gaertn.
Potentillopsis Opiz
Purpusia Brandegee
Quinquefolium Ség.
Stellariopsis (Baill.) Rydb.
Tormentilla L.
Trichothalamus Spreng.
Tridophyllum Neck. ex Greene
Tylosperma Botsch., Not. Syst. Herb. Inst. Bot. Acad. Sci. Uzbekistan. 13: 17. (1952)

Note:

It is now accepted that a monophyletic Potentilla s.l. can include; Horkelia, Horkeliella and Ivesia, but excludes Argentina (Chen et al. 2020, Dobeš & Paule, 2010, Töpel et al., 2011 and Govaerts et al., 2022) and all accepted combinations in Potentilla s.l. are now available in the above expanded species list if required.
References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus I: 495. Reference page.

Additional references

Chen, X., Li, J., , Zhang, W., Liu, Y., Wu, P., Yang, X., Wang, L. & Zhou, S.-L. 2020. Molecular systematics of Rosoideae (Rosaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 306(1, 9): 1–12. DOI: 10.1007/s00606-020-01629-z Paywall ResearchGate Reference page.
Dobeš, C. & Paule, J. 2010. A comprehensive chloroplast DNA-based phylogeny of the genus Potentilla (Rosaceae): implications for its geographic origin, phylogeography and generic circumscription. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56(1): 156-175. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.03.005 Reference page.
Eriksson, T., Hibbs, M.S., Yoder, A.D., Delwiche, C.F., & Donoghue, M.J. 2003. The phylogeny of Rosoideae (Rosaceae) based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the trnL/F region of chloroplast DNA. International Journal of Plant Sciences 164 (2): 197–211. DOI: 10.1086/346163 Full text PDF Reference page.
Eriksson, T., Persson, N.L. & Smedmark, J.E. 2022. What is Potentilla? A phylogeny‐based taxonomy for Potentillinae (Rosaceae). Taxon DOI: 10.1002/tax.12679 Open access Reference page.
Soják, J. 2010. Argentina Hill, a genus distinct from Potentilla (Rosaceae). Thaiszia 20: 91–97 PDF. Reference page.
Töpel, M., Lundberg, M., Eriksson, T. & Eriksen, B. 2011. Molecular data and ploidal levels indicate several putative allopolyploidization events in the genus Potentilla (Rosaceae). PLoS Currents, 3. DOI: 10.1371/currents.RRN1237 Reference page.

Links

Hassler, M. 2017. Potentilla. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2017. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2017 Oct. 12. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2017. Potentilla. Published online. Accessed: Oct. 12 2017.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2022. Potentilla in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2022 Aug. 5. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2017. Potentilla. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 15 Oct. 2017.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Potentilla in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service.

Vernacular names
العربية: عشبة القوى
azərbaycanca: Qaytarma
български: Очиболец
kaszëbsczi: Pòwroznik
čeština: Mochna
dansk: Potentil
Deutsch: Fingerkräuter
English: Cinquefoil
Esperanto: Potentilo
español: Potentilla
eesti: Maran
suomi: Hanhikit
français: Potentille
Gaeilge: Pótaintille
hornjoserbsce: Porstnik
հայերեն: Մատնունի
日本語: キジムシロ属
ქართული: მარწყვა-ბალახი
қазақша: Қазтабан
lietuvių: Sidabražolė
latviešu: Retēji
македонски: Петопрст
Nederlands: Ganzerik
norsk nynorsk: Mure
norsk: Mureslekta
polski: Pięciornik
русский: Лапчатка
slovenčina: Nátržník
svenska: Fingerörtssläktet
Türkçe: Beşparmak otu
українська: Перстач
oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча: Gʻozpanja
中文: 委陵菜属

Potentilla /ˌpoʊtənˈtɪlə/[1] is a genus containing over 300[2] species of annual, biennial and perennial herbaceous flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae.

Potentillas may also be called cinquefoils in English, but they have also been called five fingers and silverweeds. Some species are called tormentils, though this is often used specifically for common tormentil (P. erecta). Others are referred to as barren strawberries, which may also refer to P. sterilis in particular, or to the closely related Waldsteinia fragarioides. Several other cinquefoils formerly included here are now separated in distinct genera - notably the popular garden shrub P. fruticosa, now Dasiphora fruticosa.

Potentillas are generally found throughout the northern continents of the world (holarctic), though some occur in montane biomes of the New Guinea Highlands.
Description
Potentilla diversifolia at 1,636 metres (5,367 ft) in Olympic National Park

Typical cinquefoils look most similar to strawberries, but differ in usually having dry, inedible fruit (hence the name "barren strawberry" for some species). Many cinquefoil species have palmate leaves. Some species have just three leaflets, while others have 15 or more leaflets arranged pinnately. The flowers are usually yellow, but may be white, pinkish or red. The accessory fruits are usually dry but may be fleshy and strawberry-like, while the actual seeds – each one technically a single fruit – are tiny nuts.
Taxonomy
European cinquefoil (P. reptans), the type species of Potentilla, was described by Linnaeus in 1753.

Among the Rosaceae, cinquefoils are close relatives of avens (genus Geum) and roses (Rosa), and even closer relatives of agrimonies (Agrimonia). Yet more closely related to Potentilla are lady's mantles (Alchemilla) and strawberries (Fragaria). Dryas is a more distantly related genus, long-held beliefs notwithstanding.

Analysis of internal transcribed spacer DNA sequence data has yielded valuable information on cinquefoil relationships, supporting previous hypotheses as to their descent, but also resulting in a number of changes to the circumscription of Potentilla.[3]

The genera Horkelia (horkelias) and Ivesia (mousetails) are sometimes included in Potentilla today. The mock-strawberries of Duchesnea have been included. Conversely, the shrubby plants previously included in this genus are now separated in the genus Dasiphora, while some distinctive and apparently protocarnivorous[4] herbaceous cinquefoils are placed in Drymocallis. The marsh cinquefoil is now in the genus Comarum, and the three-toothed cinquefoil makes up the monotypic genus Sibbaldiopsis. As already proposed by John Hill in the 18th century, the silverweeds of genus Argentina may be distinct, but as the immediate sister genus of Potentilla, its boundary is still unclear.
Subdivision

Estimates of the number of valid species in this large genus depend on the circumscription used, and they recently vary from "over 300"[2] to 400[5] to 500[6][7][8] to "several hundred".[9]

See the list of Potentilla species.
Formerly included in Potentilla

Argentina (segregate)
Comarum
Dasiphora
Drymocallis
Sibbaldiopsis

Etymology

"Cinquefoil" in the Middle English Dictionary is described as "Pentafilon – from Greek Pentaphyllon – influenced by foil, a leaf. The European cinquefoil (Potentilla reptans), often used medicinally."[10] The word is derived from Old French cinc, Middle English cink and ultimately Latin quinque – all meaning "five" –, and feuille and foil/foille which mean "leaf". Formerly this term referred to five-leaved plants in general. In medieval times, the word "cinquefoil" was used almost exclusively in England. In France, the genus was called quintefeuille, first attested in Normandy and Brittany in the 11th century.

The scientific name Potentilla seems to have been influenced by a fusion of ancient names for these plants. Common tormentil, P. erecta, was known as tormentilla in medieval Latin, derived from early Spanish – literally "a little torment", meaning pain that, while not debilitating, is unpleasant and persistent (such as a stomach ache, against which P. erecta was used). The change from initial "t" to "p" seems to have been influenced by terms such as poterium – Latin for the related burnets (genus Sanguisorba) – or propedila and similar words used for the European cinquefoil (P. reptans) in the now-extinct Dacian language, as attested in Latin herbals.

In another medieval dictionary the French word potentille is defined as a "wild Tansie, a silver weed",[11] a reference to the tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) and similar taxa of the genus Tanacetum. The related adjective potentiel/potentiells means "strong", "forcible", or "powerful in operation". Its origin is the French potence ("strong", "powerful", "mighty", or "potent"). The origin of these words is the Latin potens, with the same meaning.
Distribution and habitat

Cinquefoils grow wild in most cool and cold regions of the world. Most species are herbaceous perennials but a few are erect or creeping shrubs. Some are troublesome weeds. Other types are grown in gardens.
Ecology

Cinquefoils are a prominent part of many ecosystems. In the United Kingdom alone, common tormentil (P. erecta) together with purple moor grass (Molinia caerulea) defines many grassy mires, and grows abundantly in the typical deciduous forest with downy birch (Betula pubescens), common wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella), and sessile oak (Quercus petraea). In upland pastures on calcareous soil it typically accompanies common bent (Agrostis capillaris), sheep's fescue (Festuca ovina), and wild thyme (Thymus praecox). It is most commonly seen in regions dominated by common heather (Calluna vulgaris), including common lowland heaths with bell heather (Erica cinerea), maritime heaths with spring squill (Scilla verna), submontane heaths dominated by red peat moss (Sphagnum capillifolium) and common bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), and the mountain heathlands of Scotland with alpine juniper (Juniperus communis ssp. alpina).

The leaves of cinquefoils are eaten by the caterpillars of many Lepidoptera, notably the grizzled skippers (genus Pyrgus), butterflies of the skipper family. Adult butterflies and moths visit cinquefoil flowers; for example, the endangered Karner blue butterfly (Plebejus melissa samuelis) takes nectar from common cinquefoil (P. simplex). The Polish cochineal (Porphyrophora polonica), a scale insect once used to produce red dye, lives on cinquefoils and other plants in Eurasia. Some, but not all, cinquefoils are insect-pollinated, producing nectar that lures bees, hoverflies, muscid flies, butterflies, true bugs, and ants.[2]
Fossil record

One fossil fruitlet of †Potentilla pliocenica has been described from a middle Miocene stratum of the Fasterholt area near Silkeborg in Central Jutland, Denmark.[12] Four fossil fruits of †Potentilla pliocenica have been extracted from bore hole samples of the Middle Miocene fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin, West Carpathians, Poland.[13]
Uses
Horticulture
Sulphur cinquefoil (P. recta) growing in a garden

Some cinquefoils are grown as ornamental plants. These are generally high species with bright, showy flowers, such as golden cinquefoil (P. aurea), ruby cinquefoil (P. atrosanguinea), Nepal cinquefoil (P. nepalensis), and sulphur cinquefoil (P. recta). Horticultural hybrids such as Hopwood's cinquefoil (Potentilla × hopwoodiana) and tongue cinquefoil (Potentilla × tonguei) have been bred, and there exists a range of cultivars. Some double-flowered cinquefoils have been bred, starting with Victor Lemoine's 'Gloire de Nancy' in 1854. Other taxa and varieties are useful for more specialized gardening purposes, such as rock gardens or swamps. Among the former is the hardy spring cinquefoil (P. neumanniana), the floral emblem of Cromartyshire.
Health

Some species are used in herbalism. Common tormentil (P. erecta), for example, has been used as an herbal remedy for inflammation and gastrointestinal disorders.[14] Research continues to determine its safety and usefulness as an alternative medicine for such disorders as ulcerative colitis.[15] Potentilla discolor[16] and P. multifida[17] are Chinese medicinal herbs used to treat diabetes.
The arms of the chief of Scottish Clan Hamilton undifferenced, "gules, three cinquefoils ermine"
Cultural references

In heraldry, the cinquefoil emblem or potentilla signified strength, power, honor, and loyalty. Depiction of the five-petalled flower appears as early as 1033, in the architecture of the church built in the village of Reulle-Vergy in Burgundy, France, two years before the reign of William the Conqueror. The cinquefoil emblem was used generously in the architecture of numerous churches built in Normandy and Brittany through the 15th century.

From the 11th to 14th century, the word potence, related to potentilla, was used mainly in a military context and to describe the condition of the soul.

At the time of William the Conqueror, the potentilla was used as the device of Bardolph of Brittany, who was the master of William's military engineer corps.
References

Sunset Western Garden Book. 1995. 606–07.
Guillén, A., et al. (2005). Reproductive biology of the Iberian species of Potentilla L. (Rosaceae). Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 1(62) 9–21.
Eriksson, T., et al. (2003). The phylogeny of Rosoideae (Rosaceae) based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the TRNL/F region of chloroplast DNA. International Journal of Plant Sciences 164(2) 197–211. doi:10.1086/346163
Spoomer, G. G. (1999). Evidence of protocarnivorous capabilities in Geranium viscosissimum and Potentilla arguta and other sticky plants. International Journal of Plant Sciences 160(1) 98–101. doi:10.1086/314109 JSTOR 314109
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