Polemonium reptans

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Ordo: Ericales

Familia: Polemoniaceae
Subfamilia: Polemonioideae
Tribus: Polemonieae
Genus: Polemonium
Species: Polemonium reptans
Varieties: P. r. var. reptans – P. r. var. villosum
Name

Polemonium reptans L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2: 925. 1759.
References

USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Polemonium reptans in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 07-Oct-06.

Vernacular names
English: Abscess Root, Spreading Jacob's Ladder, False Jacob's Ladder, American Greek Valerian, Blue bells, Sweatroot
suomi: Niittysinilatva
français: Polémoine rampante
українська: синюха повзуча

Polemonium reptans is a perennial herbaceous plant native to eastern North America. Common names include spreading Jacob's ladder, creeping Jacob's ladder, false Jacob's ladder, abscess root, American Greek valerian, blue bells, stairway to heaven, and sweatroot.

Description

Jacob's ladder grows 50 centimetres (20 in) tall, with pinnate leaves up to 20 centimetres (8 in) long with 5–13 leaflets. The leaves and flower stems grow from a vertical crown with abundant fibrous roots.[1]

The flowers are produced in panicles on weak stems from mid to late spring. They are 1.3 cm (1⁄2 in) long and have five light blue-violet petals that are fused at the base, enclosed by a tubular calyx with five pointed lobes.[1] The pollen is white. The stigma extends beyond the anthers, making self-pollination difficult, so insects must cross-pollinate for the plants to produce seed.[2]

Pollinated flowers develop into an oval pod with three chambers, 6 mm (1⁄2 in) long, which is enclosed by the green calyx. The plant spreads by reseeding itself.

Leaves

Oval seed pods enclosed in green calyces

Ecology
Flowers being visited by a wasp

The flowers produce both pollen and nectar. Long- and short-tongued bees visit the plants for both nectar and pollen, syrphid flies and fire beetles (Pedilus lugubris) feed on pollen, and butterflies and moths drink nectar. Out of these insects, large bees are the most effective at cross-pollination, since they most often touch the pollen-covered anthers.[2]
Range and habitat

Polemonium reptans is typically found in rich, moist woods, often along streambanks.[3][4] Its range extends from Minnesota to New Hampshire in the north, and from Georgia to Mississippi in the south.[4] It is most abundant west of the Appalachian Mountains.[3][4]
Cultivation
The variegated cultivar 'Stairway to Heaven'

The plant prefers partial shade and mesic soil. It tolerates full sun, but requires constantly moist soil.[2]
Uses

The dried roots have a slightly bitter and acrid taste. P. reptans has been traditionally used as an herbal medicine for febrile and inflammatory diseases, to ease coughs, colds and bronchial complaints, and to encourage perspiration.[5] It is furthermore said to bring relief in cases of inflammations and infections.[6] The root is rarely used in modern herbalism. It is harvested in the autumn and dried for later use.
References

Hilty, John (2016). "Jacob's Ladder". Illinois Wildflowers.
Heather Holm (2014). Pollinators on Native Plants. Minnetonka, MN: Pollinator Press. pp. 160–161.
Carman, Jack B. (2001). Wildflowers of Tennessee. Highland Rim Press. p. 206.
Horn, Dennis; Tavia Cathcart (2005). Wildflowers of Tennessee, the Ohio Valley, and the Southern Appalachians. Edmonton: Lone Pine Publishing. p. 243. ISBN 1-55105-428-0.
Wren, R.C. (1923). Potter's Cylopedia of Botanicak Drugs and Preparations. London: Potter & Clarl. p. 1.
1929-, Duke, James A. (2002). Handbook of medicinal herbs. Duke, James A., 1929- (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0849312841. OCLC 48876592.