Hedypnois

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Ordo: Ericales

Familia: Polemoniaceae
Subfamiliae: Acanthogilioideae - Cobaeoideae - Polemonioideae

Name

Polemoniaceae Juss. (1789), nom. cons.

Type genus: Polemonium L.

Synonyms

Heterotypic
Cobaeaceae D.Don, Edinburgh Philos. J. 10: 109, 1824.
Type genus: Cobaea Cav.

Genera overview

Bonplandia – Cantua - Cobaea

Acanthogilia – Aliciella – Allophyllum – Bonplandia – Bryantiella – Cantua – Cobaea – Collomia – Dayia – Eriastrum – Gilia – Giliastrum – Gymnosteris – Ipomopsis – Langloisia – Lathrocasis – Leptosiphon – Linanthus – Loeselia – Loeseliastrum – Microgilia – Microsteris – Navarretia – Phlox – Polemonium – Saltugilia
References

Jussieu, A.L. de 1789. Genera Plantarum 136.
Grant, V. 2003. Taxonomy of the Polemoniaceae: the subfamilies and tribes. Sida, Contributions to Botany 20(4): 1371–1385. JSTOR.
Johnson, L.A., Chan, L.M., Weese, T.L., Busby, L.D. & McMurry, S. 2008. Nuclear and cpDNA sequences combined provide strong inference of higher phylogenetic relationships in the phlox family (Polemoniaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48(3): 997–1012. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.036
Porter, J.M., & Johnson, L.A. 2000. A phylogenetic classification of Polemoniaceae. Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany 19(1): 55–91. DOI: 10.5642/aliso.20001901.06 Full text PDF Reference page.
Stevens, P.F. 2001 onwards. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, July 2017 [and more or less continuously updated since]. Online. Reference page.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Polemoniaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service.

Vernacular names
suomi: Sinilatvakasvit
magyar: Csatavirágfélék
日本語: ハナシノブ科
한국어: 꽃고비과
русский: Синюховые
中文: 花荵科

The Polemoniaceae (Jacob's-ladder or phlox family) are a family of flowering plants consisting of about 25 genera with 270–400 species of annuals and perennials native to the Northern Hemisphere and South America, with the center of diversity in western North America.

Only one genus (Polemonium) is found in Europe, and two (Phlox and Polemonium) in Asia, where they are confined to cool temperate to arctic regions; both genera also occur more widely in North America, suggesting relatively recent colonization of the Old World from North America.

The family can be distinguished from most other eudicot families by the ovary made up of three fused carpels (usually with three chambers, but with one chamber in some species).[2] The members of the family have five sepals, five petals fused, and five stamens that alternate with the lobes of the corolla.

For decades, most sources used a classification of the family published by Grant in 1959, but new evidence, including molecular phylogeny, veins of the corolla, pollen, and the flavonoids present, have led to reclassifications, such as the 1998 classification by Grant.[2] It recognizes two subfamilies. The subfamily Cobaeoideae is tropical/subtropical and composed of six genera organized into five tribes. The subfamily Polemonioideae consists of 13 temperate genera. Grant divides it into three tribes, but with the disclaimer that it is not clear what the correct division is and that the genus classifications may be more useful in this subfamily.[2]

Cultivation and uses

Although few are of economic importance, a number are widely grown as ornamental plants, such as Ipomopsis aggregata (scarlet gilia), and many species of Phlox and Polemonium. The kantuta (Cantua buxifolia) is the national flower of Bolivia and Peru.
Genera

The 25 genera are:

Acanthogilia
Aliciella *
Allophyllum
Bonplandia
Cantua
Cobaea *
Collomia
Dayia *
Eriastrum
Gilia
Giliastrum*
Gymnosteris
Huthia*
Ipomopsis
Langloisia
Lathrocasis *
Leptodactylon*
Leptosiphon
Linanthus
Loeselia
Loeseliastrum
Microsteris *
Navarretia
Phlox
Polemonium
Saltugilia *

Genera with an asterisk (*) are not treated as distinct by all botanists.
References

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
Grant, Verne (1998), "Primary Classification and Phylogeny of the Polemoniaceae, with Comments on Molecular Cladistics", American Journal of Botany, 85 (6): 741–752, doi:10.2307/2446408, JSTOR 2446408, PMID 21684957