Paspalum

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Cladus: Commelinids
Ordo: Poales

Familia: Poaceae
Subfamilia: Panicoideae
Tribus: Paspaleae
Subtribus: Paspalinae
Genus: Paspalum
Subgenus: P. subg. Ceresia – P. subg. Digitaria – P. subg. Harpostachys
Sectiones: P. sect. Biaristata – P. sect. Ceresia – P. sect. Conjugata – P. sect. Digitaria – P. sect. Diplostachys – P. sect. Orbiculata – P. sect. Parviflora – P. sect. Pectinata

Subsectiones: P. subsect. Ceresia

Species: (363 sensu Simon and Govaerts et al (2013)
P. achlysophilum – P. acuminatum – P. acutifolium – P. acutum – P. adoperiens – P. affine – P. agnesiae – P. alaini – P. albidulum – P. alcalinum – P. almum – P. alstonii – P. alterniflorum – P. ammodes – P. amphicarpum – P. anderssonii – P. apiculatum – P. arenarium – P. arsenei – P. arundinaceum – P. arundinellum – P. aspidiotes – P. atabapense – P. atratum – P. auricomum – P. axillare – P. azuayense – P. bakeri – P. barbinode – P. barclayi – P. batianoffii – P. bertonii – P. biaristatum – P. bifidifolium – P. bifidum – P. blodgettii – P. bonairense – P. bonplandianum – P. botterii – P. brachytrichum – P. breve – P. buchtienii – P. burchellii – P. burmanii – P. cachimboense – P. caespitosum – P. calliferum – P. campinarum – P. campylostachyum – P. canarae – P. candidum – P. capillifolium – P. carajasense – P. carinatum – P. centrale – P. ceresia – P. chacoense – P. chaffanjonii – P. chaseanum – P. cinerascens – P. circulare – P. clandestinum – P. clavuliferum – P. collinum – P. commune – P. compressifolium – P. compressum – P. conduplicatum – P. conjugatum – P. conspersum – P. convexum – P. corcovadense – P. cordaense – P. cordatum – P. coryphaeum – P. costaricense – P. costellatum – P. crinitum – P. crispatum – P. crispulum – P. cromyorhizon – P. crucensis – P. crustarium – P. culiacanum – P. cultratum – P. curassavicum – P. cymbiforme – P. dasypleurum – P. dasytrichum – P. decumbens – P. dedeccae – P. delavayi – P. delicatum – P. densum – P. denticulatum – P. difforme – P. dilatatum – P. dispar – P. dissectum – P. distachyon – P. distichum – P. distortum – P. divergens – P. durifolium – P. edmondii – P. ekmanianum – P. ellipticum – P. equitans – P. erectum – P. erianthoides – P. erianthum – P. eucomum – P. exaltatum – P. expansum – P. falcatum – P. fasciculatum – P. filgueirasii – P. filifolium – P. filiforme – P. fimbriatum – P. flaccidum – P. flavum – P. floridanum – P. foliiforme – P. formosum – P. forsterianum – P. foveolatum – P. galapageium – P. gardnerianum – P. geminiflorum – P. gemmosum – P. giganteum – P. glabrinode – P. glaucescens – P. glaziovii – P. glumaceum – P. goyanum – P. goyasense – P. gracielae – P. graniticum – P. guaraniticum – P. guaricense – P. guayanerum – P. guenoarum – P. guttatum – P. haenkeanum – P. hartwegianum – P. hatsbachii – P. haumanii – P. heterotrichon – P. hexastachyum – P. hintonii – P. hirsutum – P. hirtum – P. hispidum – P. hitchcockii – P. huberi – P. humboldtianum – P. hyalinum – P. imbricatum – P. inaequivalve – P. inconstans – P. indecorum – P. insulare – P. intermedium – P. ionanthum – P. jaliscanum – P. jesuiticum – P. jimenezii – P. juergensii – P. jujuyense – P. kempffii – P. killipii – P. lachneum – P. lacustre – P. laeve – P. lamprocaryon – P. lanciflorum – P. langei – P. latipes – P. laxum – P. lenticulare – P. lentiferum – P. lentiginosum – P. lepidum – P. leptachne – P. ligulare – P. lilloi – P. limbatum – P. lindenianum – P. lineare – P. lividum – P. loefgrenii – P. longiaristatum – P. longicuspe – P. longifolium – P. longipilum – P. longum – P. luxurians – P. macedoi – P. macranthecium – P. macrophyllum – P. maculosum – P. madorense – P. malacophyllum – P. malmeanum – P. mandiocanum – P. maritimum – P. marmoratum – P. mayanum – P. melanospermum – P. microstachyum – P. millegrana – P. minarum – P. minus – P. modestum – P. molle – P. monostachyum – P. moratii – P. morichalense – P. mosquitiense – P. motembense – P. multicaule – P. multinervium – P. multinodum – P. mutabile – P. nanum – P. nelsonii – P. nesiotes – P. nicorae – P. niquelandiae – P. notatum – P. nudatum – P. nummularium – P. nutans – P. oligostachyum – P. orbiculare – P. orbiculatum – P. oreophilum – P. orinocense – P. oteroi – P. ovale – P. pallens – P. pallidum – P. palmeri – P. paludosum – P. palustre – P. paniculatum – P. parviflorum – P. parvulum – P. pauciciliatum – P. paucifolium – P. peckii – P. pectinatum – P. penicillatum – P. petilum – P. petrense – P. petrosum – P. phaeotrichum – P. phyllorhachis – P. pictum – P. pilgerianum – P. pilosum – P. pisinnum – P. planum – P. plenum – P. pleostachyum – P. plicatulum – P. plowmanii – P. polyphyllum – P. pontanalis – P. praecox – P. procerum – P. procurrens – P. prostratum – P. proximum – P. pubiflorum – P. pubifolium – P. pulchellum – P. pumilum – P. pygmaeum – P. quadrifarium – P. quarinii – P. racemosum – P. ramboi – P. reclinatum – P. rectum – P. redondense – P. reduncum – P. redundans – P. regnellii – P. remotum – P. repens – P. reptatum – P. restingense – P. reticulinerve – P. riedelii – P. riparium – P. rocanum – P. rottboellioides – P. rufum – P. rugulosum – P. rupestre – P. rupium – P. saccharoides – P. saugetii – P. saurae – P. scalare – P. scandens – P. schultesii – P. schumannii – P. scrobiculatum – P. scutatum – P. seminuda – P. serpentinum – P. setaceum – P. setosum – P. simile – P. simplex – P. sodiroanum – P. soukupii – P. sparsum – P. squamulatum – P. standleyi – P. stellatum – P. strigosum – P. subciliatum – P. subfalcatum – P. subsesquiglume – P. telmatum – P. tenellum – P. thrasyoides – P. thunbergii – P. tillettii – P. tinctum – P. tolucense – P. trachycoleon – P. trianae – P. trichophyllum – P. trichostomum – P. trinii – P. trinitensis – P. tuberosum – P. tumidum – P. turriforme – P. umbrosum – P. unispicatum – P. urbanianum – P. urvillei – P. usteri – P. uyucense – P. vaginatum – P. validum – P. vallsii – P. variabile – P. venezuelanum – P. verrucosum – P. vescum – P. virgatum – P. virletii – P. volcanense – P. wrightii – P. zuloagae
Name

Paspalum L., Syst. Nat. 10(2): 855. (1759)
Type species: Paspalum dissectum (L.) L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2: 81 (1762)

Synonyms

Anachyris Nees, Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 2: 103. 1850.
Ceresia Pers, Syn. Pl. 1: 85. 1805.
Cleachne Roland ex Rottb., Acta Lit. Univ. Hafn. 1: 285. 1778.
Thrasya Kunth in F.W.H.von Humboldt, A.J.A.Bonpland & C.S.Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: 120 (1816)
Cymatochloa Schltdl., Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 12(47): 817, 821. 1854.
Dichromus Schltdl., Stuttg. Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 10: 17. 1852, nom. nud.
Digitaria Heist. ex Fabr., Enum. 207. 1759.
Dimorphostachys E. Foum., Compt. Rend. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 80: 441. 1875.
Maizilla Schltdl., Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 8: 601, 605. 1850, nom. ill. superfl.
Moenchlia Wander. ex Steud., Nomencl. Bot. 2(2): 153. 1841.
Panicum sect. Paspalum (L.) Trin., Panic.: 49, 87. 1826.
Paspalanthium Desv., Mem. Soc. Agric. Angers 1: 163. 1831.
Paspalum sect. Anachyris (Nees) Pilg., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 26(7): 229. 1929.
Paspalum sect. Ceresia (Pers.) Benth. and Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 3(2): 1098. 1883.
Paspalum sect. Ceresia (Pers.) Nees, Fl. Bras. Enum. Pl. 2(1): 76. 1829.
Paspalum sect. Ceresia (Pers.) Pilg., Repert. Spec. Nov., Regni Veg. 26 (15): 230. 1929.
Paspalum sect. Ceresia (Pers.) Schltdl. ex Müll., Stuttg. Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 19(44): 326. 1861, nom. ill.
Paspalum sect. Cymatochloa (Schltdl.) Müll., Stuttg. Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 12(47): 817. 821. 1854.
Paspalum subgen. Anachyris A. Chase, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 24(8): 435. 1927.
Paspalum subsect. Anachyris (Nees) Benth. and Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 3(2): 1097. 1883.
Paspalum subsect. Pseudoceresia Benth. and Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 3(2): 1098. 1883.
Reimaria Humb., Bonpl. ex Flüggé, Gram. Monogr., Paspalum: 213. 1810.
Sabsab Adams, Fam. Pl. 2: 31, 599. 1763, nom. ill. superfl.
Wirtgenia Döll, Fl. Bras. 2(2): 40. 1877, nom. nud.

References

Linneaus, C. von (1759) Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 846, 855, 1359.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2013. Paspalum in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2013 Nov. 30. Reference page.
Simon, B.K., Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T., Vorontsova, M., Brake, I., Healy, D. & Alfonso, Y. 2013. GrassWorld, Paspalum. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2013 Nov. 30.
Tropicos.org 2013. Paspalum. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2013 Nov. 30.
International Plant Names Index. 2013. Paspalum. Published online. Accessed: 30 Nov. 2013.

Vernacular names
English: Bahiagrass, Dallis Grass
日本語: スズメノヒエ属

Paspalum is a genus of plants in the grass family.[3][4]

The group is widespread across much of Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Americas. Commonly known as paspalum, bahiagrasses, crowngrasses or dallis grasses, many of the species are tall perennial New World grasses. They are warm-season C4 grasses and are most diverse in subtropical and tropical regions.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]

Paspalum scrobiculatum (koda, varuka, varuku, etc.) is a millet locally grown as food grain. Some species, such as bahiagrass (P. notatum) and P. nicorae, are grown for pasturage, especially with the perennial forage peanut (Arachis glabrata) as a companion crop. Bahiagrass has also some significance as a honey plant.

Water finger-grass (P. vaginatum) resembles bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), but has a higher salinity tolerance and can consume greywater. It is not infrequently used for arena and golf course turf in warmer coastal regions, such as Baja California, Florida, Peru, Texas and Venezuela. Dedicated paspalum cultivars such as 'Aloha Seashore' or 'Platinum TE' have been produced for such uses.

Paspalums are also food for caterpillars of lepidopterans such as the pasture day moth (Apina callisto), and those of the dark palm dart (Telicota ancilla) which feed on P. urvillei. Granivorous birds often eat paspalum seeds; the chestnut-breasted munia (Lonchura castaneothorax) readily feeds on the seeds of P. longifolium, for example.

The ergot Claviceps paspali is a sac fungus that grows on Paspalum, producing ergot alkaloids and the tremorgen paspalitrem; it causes "paspalum staggers" poisoning in cattle.

Tussock paspalum (P. quadrifarium) is considered a weed in Australia.[13]
Selected species

Paspalum azuayense
Paspalum arundinaceum
Paspalum bakeri
Paspalum batianoffii
Paspalum blodgettii
Paspalum boscianum
Paspalum caespitosum
Paspalum ceresia
Paspalum clavuliferum
Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius – carabao grass, hilo grass
Paspalum convexum
Paspalum decumbens
Paspalum densum
Paspalum dilatatum – dallis grass
Paspalum dispar
Paspalum distichum
Paspalum fasciculatum
Paspalum fimbriatum
Paspalum floridanum
Paspalum fluitans
Paspalum geminatum
Paspalum longifolium
Paspalum laeve Michx. – smooth paspalum
Paspalum laxum
Paspalum longifolium
Paspalum longum
Paspalum macrophyllum
Paspalum mandiocanum
Paspalum maritimum
Paspalum millegrana
Paspalum minus

Paspalum molle
Paspalum nicorae
Paspalum notatum – bahiagrass, Pensacola bahiagrass
Paspalum orbiculare G.Forst.
Paspalum orbiculatum Poir.
Paspalum paniculatum L.
Paspalum parviflorum
Paspalum paucispicatum
Paspalum peckii
Paspalum pleostachyum
Paspalum plicatulum – brownseed paspalum
Paspalum pulchellum
Paspalum pubiflorum
Paspalum quadrifarium – tussock paspalum
Paspalum repens
Paspalum rugulosum
Paspalum rupestre
Paspalum schesslii
Paspalum scrobiculatum – koda millet, kodo millet, kodra millet, varuka (Sanskrit), varuku (Tamil)
Paspalum secans
Paspalum setaceum – slender paspalum
Paspalum soboliferum
Paspalum urvillei
Paspalum vaginatum Sw. (syn. P. distichum, P. littorale) – water finger-grass
Paspalum virgatum
Paspalum wullschlaegelii

Formerly placed here

Axonopus compressus (broad-leaved carpetgrass), as P. compressum, P. platycaule, P. platycaulon
Axonopus fissifolius (narrow-leaved carpetgrass), as P. fissifolium
Digitaria exilis (fonio), as P. exile

References

Chase, Agnes. 1911. Notes on genera of Paniceae. IV. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 24: 137 lectotype designation
Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
Linnaeus, Carl von. 1759. Systema Naturae, Editio Decima (10th edition) 2: 846, 855, 1359
Tropicos, Paspalum L.
Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 526 雀稗属 que bai shu Paspalum Linnaeus
Flora of Pakistan
Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Paspalum photos and distribution maps of several species
Biota of North America 2013 county distribution maps
Atlas of Living Australia
Denham, S. S. 2005. Revisión sistemática del subgénero Harpostachys de Paspalum (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 92(4): 463–532
Ferreira, C. G., R. C. Oliveira, J. F. M. Valls & M. I. Bezerra de Loiola. 2009. Poaceae da Estação Ecológica do Seridó, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. Hoehnea 36(4): 679–707
Zuloaga, F. O., J. Pensiero & O. Morrone. 2004. Systematics of Paspalum group Notata (Poaceae-Panicoideae-Paniceae). Systematic Botany Monographs 71: 1–75

AWC (2008)

Australian Weeds Committee (AWC) (2008): Noxious Weed List for Australian States and Territories. Version 18.00, September 2008. PDF fulltext