Olea capensis

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Lamiids
Ordo: Lamiales

Familia: Oleaceae
Tribus: Oleeae
Subtribus: Oleinae
Genus: Olea
Subgenus: O. subg. Olea
Sectio: O. sect. Ligustroides
Species: Olea capensis
Subspecies: O. capensis subsp. capensis - O. capensis subsp. enervis - O. capensis subsp. macrocarpa
Name

Olea capensis L. (1753)
Synonyms

Homotypic
Olea cassinifolia Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 13. 1796, nom. illeg.

References

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 8.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Olea capensis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service.

Vernacular names
English: small Ironwood

Olea capensis, the black ironwood,[4] is an African tree species in the olive family Oleaceae. It is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa: from the east in Somalia, Ethiopia and Sudan, south to the tip of South Africa, and west to Cameroon, Sierra Leone and the islands of the Gulf of Guinea, as well as Madagascar and the Comoros.[2] It occurs in bush, littoral scrub and evergreen forest.[5]

Other common names in English include ironwood, ironwood olive, East African olive and Elgon olive.[5]
O. c. subsp. macrocarpa, like all subspecies of black ironwood, can reach enormous proportions in the wild.

Description

The black ironwood is a bushy shrub, or a small to medium-sized tree, up to 10 metres (33 ft) in height, occasionally reaching 40 metres (130 ft).[5]

Bark: light grey, becoming dark grey and vertically fissured with age; a characteristic blackish gum is exuded from bark wounds.
Leaves: light to dark green and glossy above and paler green below; petiole often purplish, 0.3–1.7 cm long; lanceolate-oblong to almost circular, 3–10 x 1.5–5 cm.
Flowers: white or cream and sweetly scented, small and in many flowered axillary or terminal heads, bisexual, 3–15 cm long.
Fruit: when ripe they are somewhat succulent purplish drupes; ovoid up to 2 x 1 cm.

Subspecies

The species has been divided into 3 subspecies:[5]

Olea capensis subsp. macrocarpa: flowers in lax heads, fruits oblong to elliptic.
Olea capensis subsp. capensis: flowers in dense heads, leaves very variable, apex often rounded, and fruits almost spherical to oblong elliptic.
Olea capensis subsp. enervis: leaves usually broadly elliptic, apex tapering.

Uses

Food

Olea capensis has masses of sweetly scented bisexual flowers, that produce large edible fruits.

Lumber

The wood of the tree is very hard, fine grained, and heavy, and although difficult to work, it is widely used for art and artifacts.

Gardens

Olea capensis is cultivated as an ornamental tree in parks and gardens.

The Guinness Book of World Records lists this tree as the world's heaviest wood, with a specific gravity of 1.49, similar to that of anthracite or dry earth.[6] It is known for its tendency to sink in water, unlike other wood materials. It is also the one of the world's hardest woods according to the Janka hardness test. The timber has a good abrasion resistance and is very strong. It is an excellent turnery wood, and is used for a wide range of decorative items.
Gallery

Flowers
Timber
Leaves
Trunk and bark

References

Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2020). "Olea capensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T61919282A146444162. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T61919282A146444162.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
"Olea capensis". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
"Olea laurifolia Synonym", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 4 September 2021
"Olea capensis". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 4 August 2017.
"Olea capensis" (PDF). World Agroforestry Centre. Retrieved 4 August 2017.

"Solids and Metals - Specific Gravities".

"Olea capensis". Ecocrop FAO. Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
"Olea capensis subsp. capensis". Aluka. Archived from the original on 2013-08-01. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
"Olea capensis subsp. capensis". Fernkloof Nature Reserve. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-02-09.