Mammea americana

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids I
Ordo: Malpighiales

Familia: Calophyllaceae
Tribus: Calophylleae
Genus: Mammea
Species: Mammea americana
Name

Mammea americana L.
Synonyms

Potamocharis mamei Rottb.

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Southern America
Venezuela (Distrito Federal, Nueva Esparta, Sucre, Tachira), Nicaragua, Bahamas, Cayman Isl., Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Virgin Isl. (St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas, Tortola), Lesser Antilles (Antigua, Barbados, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Marie Galante, Martinique, Montserrat, Saba, St. Eustatius, St. Kitts, St. Martin, St. Vincent), Isla Margarita, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Hidalgo, Morelos, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz, Yucatan), Guatemala, Honduras

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus I: 512. Reference page.

Links

Hassler, M. 2019. Mammea americana. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2019. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 Jul. 17. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2019. Mammea americana in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 Jul. 17. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2019. Mammea americana. Published online. Accessed: Jul 17 2019.
The Plant List 2013. Mammea americana in The Plant List Version 1.1. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 Jul 17.
Tropicos.org 2019. Mammea americana. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 Jul 17.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Mammea americana in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 09-Oct-10.

Vernacular names
Deutsch: Mammiapfel
English: Mamey
suomi: Amerikanmammea
português: abricó-do-pará, abricoteiro, abricó-de-são-domingos, abricó-selvagem
Türkçe: Mamey, Antil kayısısı

Mammea americana, commonly known as mammee, mammee apple, mamey, mamey apple, Santo Domingo apricot, tropical apricot,[1] or South American apricot, is an evergreen tree of the family Calophyllaceae, whose fruit is edible. It has also been classified as belonging to the family Guttiferae Juss. (1789), which would make it a relative of the mangosteen.[2]

In certain Latin American countries, Mammea americana is referred to as "yellow mamey" (Spanish: mamey amarillo)[3] to distinguish it from the unrelated but similar-looking Pouteria sapota, whose fruit is usually called "red mamey" (mamey colorado or mamey rojo).[4]

Description
Tree
leaves

The mammee tree is 18–21 m (59–69 ft) high and is similar in appearance to the southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora).[5] Its trunk is short and reaches 1.9–2.2 m (6 ft 3 in–7 ft 3 in) in diameter. The tree's upright branches form an oval head. Its dark-green foliage is quite dense, with opposite, leathery, elliptical leaves. The leaves can reach 10 cm (3.9 in) wide and twice as long.

The mammee flower is fragrant, has four or six white petals, and reaches 2.5–4.0 cm (0.98–1.57 in) wide when fully blossomed. The flowers are borne either singly or in clusters of two or three, on short stalks. A single flower can have pistils, stamens, or both, so flowers can be male, female or hermaphrodite on one tree.
Fruit
A mammee apple

The mammee apple is a berry, though it is often misinterpreted to be a drupe. It is round or slightly irregular, with a brown or grey-brown 3-mm-thick rind. In fact, the rind consists of the exocarp and mesocarp of the fruit, while the pulp is formed from the endocarp. The stem is thick and short. The mammee apple has more or less visible floral remnant at the apex.

Mammee apples' diameters range from 10 to 20 cm (3.9 to 7.9 in). When unripe, the fruit is hard and heavy, but its flesh slightly softens when fully ripe. Beneath the skin is a white, dry membrane, whose taste is astringent, and adheres to the flesh. The flesh is orange or yellow, not fibrous, and can have various textures (crispy or juicy, firm, or tender). Generally, the flesh smell is pleasant and appetizing.

Small fruits contain a single seed, while larger ones might have up to four. The seeds are brown, rough, and oval, and around 6 cm (2.4 in) long. The juice of the seed leaves an indelible stain.
Propagation

Propagation can be done by seed. Germination takes place from 60–260 days. Grafting is the preferred method of propagation.
Distribution and habitat

Native to the Caribbean the tree is also widely cultivated in the tropics and Central America.[6] In Haiti the fruit is known as zabriko or abricot.[7] In 1529, it was included by Oviedo in his Review of the Fruits of the New World. It was then introduced to various regions in the Old World: West Africa, particularly Sierra Leone, Zanzibar, Southeast Asia, and Hawaii. In the United States, the species is uniquely found in Hawaii and Florida. In the latter state, mammee apples were probably introduced from the Bahamas .

The mammea apple tree is confined to tropical or subtropical climates. In Central America, the species is found to grow up to an altitude of 1,000 m. It thrives best in rich, deep, and well-drained soil, but is very adaptive; it also grows on limestone in Jamaica, in the oolithic limestone of the Bahamas, and on ancient coral bedrock in Barbados, as well as coral cays off the coast of Florida .

The tree is very sensitive to low temperatures, but seems remarkably resistant to pests and diseases .
Uses
Mammy-apple, (mamey), raw

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy	213 kJ (51 kcal)

Carbohydrates	12.5 g
Dietary fiber	3 g

Fat	0.5 g

Protein	0.5 g

Vitamins	Quantity %DV^†
Vitamin A equiv.	2% 12 μg
Thiamine (B1)	2% 0.02 mg
Riboflavin (B2)	3% 0.04 mg
Niacin (B3)	3% 0.4 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)	2% 0.103 mg
Vitamin B6	8% 0.1 mg
Folate (B9)	4% 14 μg
Vitamin C	17% 14 mg

Minerals	Quantity %DV^†
Calcium	1% 11 mg
Iron	5% 0.7 mg
Magnesium	5% 16 mg
Phosphorus	2% 11 mg
Potassium	1% 47 mg
Sodium	1% 15 mg
Zinc	1% 0.1 mg
Link to USDA Database entry
Units μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams IU = International units
^†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA FoodData Central

Traditional medicine

In Trinidad and Tobago, the grated seeds are mixed with rum or coconut oil to treat head lice and chiggers.[8]

Underripe fruits are rich in pectin, and the tree bark is high in tannin.
Culinary interest

Though edible,[9] this fruit has received little attention worldwide.

The raw flesh can be served in fruit salads, or with wine, sugar, or cream, especially in Jamaica. In the Bahamas, the flesh is first put in salted water to remove its bitterness, before cooking it with much sugar to make a sort of jam. The flesh can also be consumed stewed.

In the French West Indies, an aromatic liqueur, eau créole, or crème créole, is distilled from the mammee flowers. This liqueur is believed to be tonic or digestive.
Other

Various parts of the tree contain insecticidal substances, especially the seed kernel. In Puerto Rico, mammee leaves are wrapped around young tomato plants to keep mole crickets and cutworms away. In a similar way, the bark gum is melted with fat in Jamaica and Mexico, then applied to the feet to repel chiggers or fleas on animals. The same effect is also obtained from infusions of half-ripe fruits.

In the Virgin Islands, the tannin from the bark is used to tan leather. The mammee timber is heavy and hard, yet easy to work; it has received, however, only limited commercial interest.
References

Love K, Bowen R, Fleming K (2007). "Twelve Fruits with Potential Value-Added and Culinary Uses" (PDF). Honolulu (HI): University of Hawaii.
Morton, J. 1987. Mamey. p. 304–307. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL.
Ecured - Mamey amarillo
Ecured - Mamey colorado
Morton, J. 1987. Mamey. p. 304–307. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL.
Vozzo, J.A.; NAVARRETE-TINDALL, NADIA; ORELLANA NOREZ, MARIO A. "Tropical Tree Seed Manual" (PDF). Northern Research Station. USDA Forest Service. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
"Caribbean Apricot, a sweet and tangy summer fruit". 19 June 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
Mendes (1986), p. 94.

Hargreaves, Dorothy; Hargreaves, Bob (1964). Tropical Trees of Hawaii. Kailua, Hawaii: Hargreaves. p. 42.