Maclura

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids I
Ordoo: Rosales

Familia: Moraceae
Tribus: Maclureae
Genus: Maclura
Species

M. africana – M. andamanica – M. brasiliensis – M. cochinchinensis – M. fruticosa – M. pomifera – M. pubescens – M. spinosa – M. thorelii – M. tinctoria – M. tricuspidata
Name

Maclura Nutt. Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 2: 233–234. (1818) nom. cons.

Type species: Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K.Schneid., Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1(5): 806. (1906). Designated as synonym Maclura aurantiaca Nutt. Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 2: 233. (1818)

Synonyms

Heterotypic
Vanieria Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 539, 564. (1790) nom. rej. against Cudrania Trecul (1847)
Ioxylon Raf., Amer. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. 2: 118. (1817)
Chlorophora Gaudich., Voy. Uranie 509. (1826)
Joxylon Steud., Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2. i. 814 (1840)
Cudrania Trécul, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3, 8: 122. (1847)
Plecospermum Trécul, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3, 8: 124. (1847)
Cardiogyne Bureau, Prodr. 17: 213, 232. (1873)

References

Nuttall, T. 1818. The Genera of North American Plants 2: 233–234. BHL
Gardner, E.M., Sarraf, P., Williams, E.W. & Zerega, N.J. 2017. Phylogeny and biogeography of Maclura (Moraceae) and the origin of an anachronistic fruit. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 117: 49-59. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.06.021 Paywall. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2019. Maclura in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 Oct. 30. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2016. Maclura. Published online. Accessed: Mar. 28 2016.
Tropicos.org 2016. Maclura. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2016 Mar. 28.

Vernacular names
Deutsch: Milchorangenbaum
English: Osage-orange
suomi: Mulperiot
français: Maclure
Nederlands: Osagedoorn
русский: Маклюра
Türkçe: Yalancı portakalağacı

Maclura is a genus of flowering plants in the mulberry family, Moraceae. It includes the inedible Osage orange, which is used as mosquito repellent and grown throughout the United States as a hedging plant.[2] It is dioecious, with male and female flowers borne on separate plants.[3]

Maclura is closely related to the genus Cudrania, and hybrids between the two genera have been produced. Some botanists recognize a more broadly defined Maclura that includes species previously included in Cudrania and other genera of Moraceae. The genus likely originated in South America during the Paleogene.[4]

Species

Maclura africana (Africa)
Maclura amboinensis (Myanmar to New Guinea)
Maclura andamanica (Laos to Andaman Islands)
Maclura brasiliensis (Brazil, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru, and Venezuela)
Maclura cochinchinensis (Syn.: Cudrania cochinchinensis, Cudrania javanensis, Vanieria cochinchinensis) (China, Malesia, N Australia)
Maclura fruticosa (China)
Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K.Schneid. – Osage-orange (United States)
Maclura pubescens (Syn.: M. cochichinensis var. pubescens) (China)
Maclura spinosa (India to Sri Lanka)
Maclura thorellii (Syn.: Cudrania thorellii) (Cambodia)
Maclura tinctoria (L.) D.Don ex Steud.
Maclura tricuspidata (Syn.: Cudrania tricuspidata, Cudrania triloba) (China and Korea)

Etymology

The genus is named in honor of William Maclure (1763-1840), a Scottish-born American geologist and educational reformer. President of the American Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for 22 years. Maclure made major contributions to his field, including the first true geological map of any part of North America, and was a strong advocate of universal education, especially for women.
Formerly placed here

Milicia excelsa (as Maclura excelsa)
Milicia regia (as Maclura regia)
Broussonetia greveana (as Maclura greveana and Maclura humbertii)

Fossil record

Fossils similar to Maclura have been reported from the Middle Eocene of England.[5]
References

"Maclura Nutt". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-01-16. Archived from the original on 2009-01-15. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
Burton, J D (1990). "Maclura pomifera". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2. Retrieved 2009-03-03 – via Southern Research Station (www.srs.fs.fed.us).
C.C., Berg; Corner, E.J.H.; Jarrett, F.M. (2006). Moraceae - Genera other than Ficus. Flora Malesiana. 1. 17. pp. 1–152. ISBN 9789071236648.
Gardner, Elliot M.; Sarraf, Paya; Williams, Evelyn W.; Zerega, Nyree J.C. (December 2017). "Phylogeny and biogeography of Maclura (Moraceae) and the origin of an anachronistic fruit". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 117: 49–59. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.06.021. PMID 28698111.
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/292995365_fig2_Fig-2-Broussonetia-Maclura-clade-and-its-probable-ancestral-area-Fragment-of-the.