Heterophragma

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Lamiids
Ordo: Lamiales

Familia: Bignoniaceae
Tribus: Tecomeae
Genus: Heterophragma
Species: H. quadriloculare – H. sulfureum
Source(s) of checklist:

Govaerts, R. et al. 2019. Heterophragma in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 May 01. Reference page.

Name

Heterophragma DC., Prodr. 9: 210 (1845).

Type species: Heterophragma quadriloculare (Roxb.) K. Schum.

References

De Candolle, A.P. (1845) Prodr. 9: 210.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2019. Heterophragma in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 Apr. 30. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2019. Heterophragma. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2019. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 Apr. 30. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2019. Heterophragma. Published online. Accessed: Apr. 30 2019.
The Plant List 2013. Heterophragma in The Plant List Version 1.1. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 Apr. 30.
Tropicos.org 2019. Heterophragma. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 Apr. 30.

Vernacular names

Heterophragma is a genus of two species of tree, constituting part of the plant family Bignoniaceae.[1] The species are found in Southeast Asia and India.

Naming and classification

Heterophragma is part of the Palaeotropical Clade of the Bignoniaceae, closely related to the following genera: Catophractes, Dolichandrone, Fernandoa, Kigelia, Markhamia, Newbouldia, Radermachera, Rhigozum, Spathodea, and Stereospermum; and to the Coleeae clade (which contains Colea, Phyllarthron, Phylloctenium, and Rhodocolea).[2] The Coleeae clade species are found in Madagascar and surrounding islands, whereas the other genera are found in Asia, Africa and Madagascar.

The influential Swiss botanist, Augustin Pyramus de Candolle (1778-1841) named the genus in 1845, in his publication Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis.[3]
Heterophragma quadriloculare, Fruit

Description

The trees, which can grow up to 20m tall, have whorled/verticillate arrangement of leaves, which are in 3 or four pinnate pairs.[4] Upper side of the leaves are hairy/possessing trichomes, which are star-shaped/stellate. Inflorescences/groups of flowers are in terminal thyrses (put simply, in a stalked arrangement at end of branches). Flowers are cream-white to pale yellow. Calyx are tubular and irregularly lobed. Corolla are tubular with unequal lobes, straight, cream-white to pale yellow in colour. The 4 stamen are shorter that the corolla, anthers are hairless, a single staminodium (infertile stamen structure) is adjacent to the stamens. Ovary is elliptical, lacks hairs and has many ovules per ovary chamber. Fruit are long cylindrical pods with woody valves. Calyx is not permanent on fruit. Seeds are broad and possess translucent wings.
Species

Heterophragma quadriloculare (Roxb.) K.Schum.[1]
Heterophragma sulfureum Kurz

The following former species have now been shifted to other taxa listed:

Heterophragma adenophyllum (Wall. ex G.Don) Seem. = Fernandoa adenophylla (Wall. ex G.Don) Steenis
Heterophragma chelonoides (L.f.) Dalzell & A.Gibson = Stereospermum chelonoides (L.f.) DC.
Heterophragma longipes Baker = Fernandoa magnifica Seem.
Heterophragma macrolobum Backer ex K.Heyne = Fernandoa macroloba (Miq.) Steenis
Heterophragma roxburghii (Spreng.) DC. = Heterophragma quadriloculare (Roxb.) K.Schum.
Heterophragma suaveolens (Roxb.) Dalzell & A.Gibson = Stereospermum chelonoides (L.f.) DC.
Heterophragma vestitum Dop = Heterophragma sulfureum Kurz

Further reading

Santisuk, T. & Vidal, J.E. (1985). Bignoniacées Flore du Cambodge du Laos et du Viêt-Nam 22: 1-72. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.

References

"Heterophragma DC". Plants of the World Online (POWO). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
Olmstead, Richard G.; Zjhra, Michelle L.; Lohmann, Lúcia G.; Grose, Susan O.; Eckert, Andrew J. (2009). "A molecular phylogeny and classification of Bignoniaceae". American Journal of Botany. 96 (9, September): 1731–1743. doi:10.3732/ajb.0900004. PMID 21622359. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
"Heterophragma DC., Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 9: 210 (1845)". International Plant Name Index (IPNI). The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
Fischer, E.; Theisen, I.; Lohmann, L.G. (2004). "Bignoniaceae". In Kubitzki, Klaus; Kadereit, Joachim W. (eds.). Flowering Plants, Dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae Including Avicenniaceae). Springer. pp. S. 18. ISBN 978-3-5404059-3-1. Retrieved 21 January 2021.