Glochidion

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids I
Ordo: Malpighiales

Familia: Phyllanthaceae
Subfamilia: Phyllanthoideae
Tribus: Phyllantheae
Genus: Glochidion
Species: G. acuminatissimum – G. acuminatum – G. acustylum – G. album – G. alstonii – G. alticola – G. aluminescens – G. ambiguum – G. amentuligerum – G. anamiticum – G. andamanicum – G. andersonii – G. anfractuosum – G. angulatum – G. apodogynum – G. atalotrichum – G. atrovirens – G. auii – G. azaleon – G. bachmaense – G. balansae – G. barronense – G. beccarii – G. beehleri – G. beguinii – G. benguetense – G. benthamianum – G. billardierei – G. borgmannii – G. borneense – G. bourdillonii – G. bracteatum – G. brideliifolium – G. brooksii – G. brothersonii – G. brunnescens – G. bullatissimum – G. butonicum – G. cacuminum – G. cagayanense – G. calciphilum – G. caledonicum – G. calocarpum – G. caloneurum – G. calospermum – G. camiguinense – G. candolleanum – G. canescens – G. carrickii – G. carrii – G. castaneum – G. cauliflorum – G. celastroides – G. cenabrei – G. chademenosocarpum – G. chevalieri – G. chlamydogyne – G. chodoense – G. chondrocarpum – G. christophersenii – G. cleistanthoides – G. coccineum – G. collectorum – G. collinum – G. comitum – G. conostylum – G. cordatum – G. coriaceum – G. coronulatum – G. cupreum – G. curranii – G. cuspidatum – G. cyrtophyllum – G. cyrtostylum – G. daltonii – G. dasystylum – G. daviesii – G. decorum – G. delticola – G. dichromum – G. discogyne – G. disparilaterum – G. disparipes – G. dodecapterum – G. dolichostylum – G. drypetifolium – G. dumicola – G. elaphrocarpum – G. ellipticum – G. elmeri – G. emarginatum – G. eriocarpum – G. eucleoides – G. euryoides – G. falcatilimbum – G. ferdinandi – G. flavidum – G. formanii – G. frodinii – G. fulvirameum – G. galorii – G. gaudichaudii – G. geoffrayi – G. gigantifolium – G. gillespiei – G. gimi – G. glabrum – G. glaucescens – G. glaucops – G. glomerulatum – G. goniocarpum – G. goniocladum – G. gracile – G. gracilentum – G. grantii – G. granulare – G. grayanum – G. grossum – G. harveyanum – G. helferi – G. heterocalyx – G. heterodoxum – G. heyneanum – G. hivaoaense – G. hohenackeri – G. hosokawae – G. huahineense – G. humile – G. huntii – G. hylandii – G. impuber – G. insectum – G. insigne – G. insulanum – G. intercastellanum – G. inusitatum – G. jarawae – G. kanehirae – G. karnaticum – G. katikii – G. kerangae – G. kerrii – G. khasicum – G. kopiaginis – G. korthalsii – G. kostermansii – G. kunstlerianum – G. kusuktsense – G. lalae – G. lambiricum – G. lamprophyllum – G. lanceilimbum – G. lanceolarium – G. lanceolatum – G. lancisepalum – G. lanyuense – G. latistylum – G. leptostylum – G. leucocarpum – G. leucogynum – G. ligulatum – G. littorale – G. lobocarpum – G. loerzingii – G. longfieldiae – G. longistylum – G. lucidum – G. lutescens – G. luzonense – G. macphersonii – G. macrocarpum – G. macrosepalum – G. macrostigma – G. maingayi – G. malindangense – G. manono – G. marchionicum – G. marianum – G. medogense – G. mehipitense – G. meijeri – G. melvilleorum – G. merrillii – G. mindorense – G. mitrastylum – G. molle – G. moluccanum – G. monostylum – G. moonii – G. moorei – G. mop – G. muelleri – G. multilobum – G. multiloculare – G. muscisilvae – G. myrianthum – G. myrtifolium – G. nadeaudii – G. namilo – G. nemorale – G. nervosum – G. nesophilum – G. nobile – G. nothofageticum – G. novae-georgiae – G. novoguineense – G. nubigenum – G. oblatum – G. oblongifolium – G. obovatum – G. obscurum – G. oligotrichum – G. oogynum – G. ornatum – G. orohenense – G. oxygonum – G. pachyconum – G. palauense – G. palawanense – G. paludicola – G. papenooense – G. peltiferum – G. phellocarpum – G. philippicum – G. phyllanthoides – G. phyllochlamys – G. pilosum – G. pitcairnense – G. plagiophyllum – G. pleiosepalum – G. podocarpum – G. pomiferum – G. ponapense – G. praeclarum – G. prinoides – G. pruinosum – G. psidioides – G. puberulum – G. puberum – G. pubicapsa – G. pulgarense – G. punctatum – G. pungens – G. pyriforme – G. raivavense – G. ramiflorum – G. rapaense – G. reinwardtii – G. reticulatum – G. retinerve – G. robinsonii – G. rubrum – G. rufoglaucum – G. rugulosum – G. runikerae – G. saccocarpum – G. santisukii – G. seemannii – G. semicordatum – G. sericeum – G. sessiliflorum – G. singaporense – G. societatis – G. sphaerogynum – G. stellatum – G. stenophyllum – G. stipulare – G. striatum – G. styliferum – G. stylosum – G. subfalcatum – G. submolle – G. subsessile – G. suishaense – G. superbum – G. symingtonii – G. taitense – G. talakonense – G. talmyanum – G. temehaniense – G. tenuistylum – G. ternateum – G. tetrapteron – G. thomsonii – G. timorense – G. triandrum – G. trichogynum – G. trichophorum – G. trusanicum – G. tuamotuense – G. ultrabasicola – G. urceolare – G. urophylloides – G. varians – G. vitiense – G. wallichianum – G. weberi – G. websteri – G. welzenii – G. wilderi – G. williamsii – G. wilsonii – G. wisselense – G. wonenggau – G. woodii – G. wrightii – G. xerocarpum – G. xestophyllum – G. zeylanicum – G. zollingeri

Name

Glochidion J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. (1775) nom. cons.

Type species: Glochidion ramiflorum J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.

Synonyms

Heterotypic
Agyneia L., Mant. Pl. 2: 161 (1771), nom. rej.
Bradleia Banks ex Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 127 (1791)
Gynoon A.Juss., Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. 10: 335 (1823)
Glochidionopsis Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.: 588 (1826)
Lobocarpus Wight & Arn., Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 7 (1834)
Episteira Raf., Sylva Tellur.: 20 (1838)
Glochisandra Wight, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. 5(2): 28 (1852)
Zarcoa Llanos, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 15: 423 (1857)
Diasperus L. ex Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 596 (1891), nom. illeg.
Coccoglochidion K.Schum. in K.M.Schumann & C.A.G.Lauterbach, Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee, Nachtr.: 292 (1905)
Tetraglochidion K.Schum. in K.M.Schumann & C.A.G.Lauterbach, Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee, Nachtr.: 291 (1905)

References

Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Glochidion in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2021 July 3. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2021. Glochidion. Published online. Accessed: July 8 2021.
Hoffmann, P., Kathriarachchi, H. & Wurdack, K.J. 2006. A phylogenetic classification of Phyllanthaceae (Malpighiales; Euphorbiaceae sensu lato). Kew Bulletin 61(1): 37–53. JSTOR ResearchGate Reference page.

Glochidion is a genus of flowering plants, of the family Phyllanthaceae, known as cheese trees or buttonwood in Australia, and leafflower trees in the scientific literature. It comprises about 300 species,[1] distributed from Madagascar to the Pacific Islands. Glochidion species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Aenetus eximia and Endoclita damor.[2] The Nicobarese people have attested to the medicinal properties found in G. calocarpum, saying that its bark and seed are most effective in curing abdominal disorders associated with amoebiasis.[3]

Glochidion are of note in the fields of pollination biology and coevolution because they have a specialized mutualism with moths in the genus Epicephala (leafflower moths), in which the moths actively pollinate the flowers—thereby ensuring that the tree may produce viable seeds—but also lay eggs in the flowers' ovaries, where their larvae consume a subset of the developing seeds as nourishment.[4][5][6] Other species of Epicephala are pollinators, and in some cases, non-pollinating seed predators, of certain species of plants in the genera Phyllanthus[7][8] and Breynia,[9][10] both closely related to Glochidion.[11] This relationship is similar to those between figs and fig wasps and yuccas and yucca moths.

Although the genus Glochidion is native only to the Old World, the East Asian species Glochidion puberum has become naturalized at several locations in the U.S. state of Alabama.[12][13]

In a 2006 revision of the Phyllanthaceae, it was recommended that Glochidion be subsumed in Phyllanthus.[14] New combinations in Phyllanthus have been published for Madagascar[15] and the Pacific Islands,[16] but most remain to be published.
Selected species

An incomplete listing:

Glochidion apodogynum Airy Shaw[17]
Glochidion barronense Airy Shaw[17]
Glochidion benthamianum Domin[17]
Glochidion bourdillonii
Glochidion calocarpum
Glochidion christophersenii
Glochidion carrickii
Glochidion comitum
Glochidion disparipes Airy Shaw[17]
Glochidion eriocarpum
Glochidion ferdinandi (Mull.Arg.) F.M.Bailey - cheese tree, buttonwood, pencil cedar, water gum, rain tree[17]

var. ferdinandi[17]
var. pubens Airy Shaw[17]

Glochidion gardneri (Thwaites.)
Glochidion grantii
Glochidion harveyanum Domin - buttonwood, daphne buttonwood[17]

var. harveyanum[17]
var. pubescens Airy Shaw[17]

Glochidion hylandii Airy Shaw[17]
Glochidion insulare
Glochidion johnstonei
Glochidion lanceolarium
Glochidion lobocarpum (Benth.) F.M.Bailey[17]
Glochidion longfieldiae
Glochidion manono
Glochidion marchionicum
Glochidion moonii
Glochidion moorei
Glochidion myrtifolium
Glochidion nadeaudii
Glochidion orientalis
Glochidion papenooense
Glochidion pauciflorum
Glochidion perakense Hook.f. - umbrella cheese tree, buttonwood[17]

var. supra-axillare (Benth.) Airy Shaw[17]

Glochidion philippicum (Cav.) C.B.Rob.[17]
Glochidion pitcairnense
Glochidion pruinosum Airy Shaw[17]
Glochidion puberum
Glochidion pungens Airy Shaw[17]
Glochidion raivavense
Glochidion ramiflorum J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
Glochidion rapaense
Glochidion seemannii Müll.-Arg.
Glochidion sessiliflorum Airy Shaw[17]

var. pedicellatum Airy Shaw[17]
var. sessiliflorum[17]
var. stylosum Airy Shaw[17]

Glochidion sisparense
Glochidion stellatum
Glochidion stylosum
Glochidion sumatranum Miq.[17]
Glochidion symingtonii
Glochidion taitense
Glochidion temehaniense
Glochidion tomentosum
Glochidion tooviianum
Glochidion xerocarpum (O.Schwarz) Airy Shaw[17]

References

Carl T. Bergstrom; Lee Alan Dugatkin (2012). Evolution. Norton. p. 630. ISBN 978-0-393-92592-0. Archived from the original on 2016-11-18. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
PLANTS Profile Archived 2013-05-10 at the Wayback Machine. USDA.gov. Accessed June 2, 2012.
See p. 412 in: Hammer, K (1990). "Barilla (Salsola soda, Chenopodiaceae)". Economic Botany. 44 (3): 410–412. doi:10.1007/bf03183925. JSTOR 4255259. S2CID 32113455.
Kato, M.; Takimura, A.; Kawakita, A. (2003). "An obligate pollination mutualism and reciprocal diversification in the tree genus Glochidion (Euphorbiaceae)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 100 (9): 5264–5267. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.5264K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0837153100. PMC 154333. PMID 12695568.
Hembry, D. H.; Okamoto, T.; Gillespie, R. G. (2012). "Repeated colonization of remote islands by specialized mutualists". Biology Letters. 8 (2): 258–261. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0771. PMC 3297384. PMID 21900312.
Luo, S.-X.; Yao, G.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, D.; Hembry, D. H. (2017). "A novel, enigmatic basal leafflower moth lineage pollinating a derived leafflower host illustrates the dynamics of host shifts, partner replacement, and apparent co-adaptation in intimate mutualisms" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 189 (4): 422–435. doi:10.1086/690623. hdl:10150/623805. PMC 6103454. PMID 28350503. S2CID 3922814. Archived from the original on 2021-11-24. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
Kawakita, A.; Kato, M. (2004). "Evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in New Caledonian Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (3): 410–415. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.3.410. PMID 21653396.
Kawakita, A.; Kato, M. (2009). "Repeated independent evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in the Phyllantheae-Epicephala association". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 276 (1656): 417–426. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1226. PMC 2664352. PMID 18948251.
Kawakita, A.; Kato, M. (2004). "Obligate pollination mutualism in Breynia (Phyllanthaceae): further documentation of pollination mutualism involving Epicephala moths (Gracillariidae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (9): 1319–1325. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.9.1319. PMID 21652364.
Zhang, J.; Wang, S.; Li, H.; Hu, B.; Yang, X.; Wang, Z. (2012). "Diffuse coevolution between two Epicephala species (Gracillariidae) and two Breynia species (Phyllanthaceae)". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e41657. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...741657Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041657. PMC 3407192. PMID 22848559.
Kathriarachchi, H.; Samuel, R.; Hoffmann, P.; Mlinarec, J.; Wurdack, K. J.; Ralimanana, H.; Stuessy, T. F.; Chase, M. W. (2006). "Phylogenetics of tribe Phyllantheae (Phyllanthaceae: Euphorbiaceae sensu lato) based on nrITS and plastid matK DNA sequence data". American Journal of Botany. 93 (4): 637–655. doi:10.3732/ajb.93.4.637. PMID 21646224.
Fearn, M. L.; Urbatsch, L. E. (2001). "Glochidion puberum (Euphorbiaceae) naturalized in southern Alabama". SIDA, Contributions to Botany. 19: 711–714.
"Glochidion puberum in Flora of North America @". Efloras.org. Archived from the original on 2017-04-11. Retrieved 2021-11-24.
Hoffmann, Petra; Kathriarachchi, Hashendra S.; Wurdack, Kenneth J. (2006). "A Phylogenetic Classification of Phyllanthaceae". Kew Bulletin. 61 (1): 37–53.
Hoffmann, P. and McPherson, G., 2003. Transfer of Madagascan Glochidion to Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae sl or Phyllanthaceae). Novon 13(3):307-310.
Wagner WL, Lorence DH. A nomenclator of Pacific oceanic island Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae), including Glochidion. PhytoKeys. 2011(4):67-94
"Glochidion%". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS) database (listing by % wildcard matching of all taxa relevant to Australia). Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 1 June 2013.