Excoecaria

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids I
Ordo: Malpighiales

Familia: Euphorbiaceae
Subfamilia: Euphorbioideae
Tribus: Hippomaneae
Subtribus: Hippomaninae
Genus: Excoecaria
Species: E. acerifolia – E. acuminata – E. agallocha – E. antsingyensis – E. aporusifolia – E. bantamensis – E. benthamiana – E. borneensis – E. bussei – E. canjoerensis – E. cochinchinensis – E. confertiflora – E. cuspidata – E. dallachyana – E. formosana – E. glaucescens – E. goudotiana – E. grahamii – E. guineensis – E. holophylla – E. kawakamii – E. laotica – E. lissophylla – E. madagascariensis – E. magenjensis – E. obtusa – E. oppositifolia – E. pachyphylla – E. parvifolia – E. perrieri – E. philippinensis – E. poilanei – E. rectinervis – E. simii – E. stenophylla – E. thouarsiana – E. venenata – E. yunnanensis
Source(s) of checklist:
Name

Excoecaria L., 1759

Type species: Excoecaria agallocha L.

Synonyms

Heterotypic
Commia Lour., Fl. Cochinch.: 605 (1790).
Taeniosapium Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1200 (1866).
Glyphostylus Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 71: 871 (1924 publ. 1925).

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Trop. & Subtrop. Old World

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1759. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus II. Editio decima, reformata. Pp. [I–VI], 825–1384. Impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae [Stockholm]. BHL Reference page. : 1288.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2020. Excoecaria in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2020 Jul 15. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2020. Excoecaria. Published online. Accessed: Jul 15 2020.
Tropicos.org 2020. Excoecaria. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2020 Jul 15.

Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Pepersaadbosse
English: Pepper seed
日本語: セイシボク属
മലയാളം: കടപ്പാല
русский: Эксцекария lea
lea faka-Tonga: Fetaʻanu
中文: 海漆属

Excoecaria is a plant genus of the family Euphorbiaceae, formally described by Linnaeus in 1759.[2][3] The genus is native to the Old World Tropics (Africa, southern Asia, northern Australia, and assorted oceanic islands).[1][4][5]

Etymology

Genus name, Excoecaria, is from the Latin word excaeco, which means "to blind" and refers to the sap of the plants that can cause temporary blindness.[6]
Toxic latex

The milky latex of Excoecaria agallocha, also known as Thillai, milky mangrove, blind-your-eye mangrove and river poison tree, is poisonous. Mangroves of this plant surround the ancient Thillai Chidambaram Temple in Tamil Nadu. Contact with skin can cause irritation and rapid blistering; contact with eyes will result in temporary blindness. It is distributed in the Pichavaram wetlands, near Chidambaram India, in Australia from northern New South Wales, along the northern coastline around to Western Australia.The latex is extremely poisonous. Even dried and powdered leaves contain the poison which can kill fish very quickly.
Species list

The list of currently recognized species in this genus.[1]

Excoecaria acerifolia - Uttarakhand, Yunnan, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan
Excoecaria acuminata - Fiji
Excoecaria agallocha - S China, Indian Subcontinent, SE Asia, Papuasia, N Australia, W Pacific Is
Excoecaria antsingyensis - Madagascar
Excoecaria aporusifolia - Vietnam
Excoecaria bantamensis - S Thailand, Philippines, Java, Kalimantan Barat
Excoecaria benthamiana - Seychelles
Excoecaria borneensis - Borneo, Sumatra, Philippines, Sulawesi, Maluku
Excoecaria bussei - E + S Africa
Excoecaria canjoerensis - India
Excoecaria cochinchinensis - S China, Indochina, W Malaysia
Excoecaria confertiflora - Viti Levu
Excoecaria cuspidata - Meghalaya
Excoecaria dallachyana - Queensland, New South Wales
Excoecaria formosana - Nansei-shoto, Taiwan
Excoecaria glaucescens - Madagascar
Excoecaria goudotiana - Madagascar
Excoecaria grahamii - W Africa
Excoecaria guineensis - W + C Africa
Excoecaria holophylla - Myanmar
Excoecaria kawakamii - Taiwan
Excoecaria laotica - Laos, Thailand
Excoecaria lissohylla - Madagascar
Excoecaria madagascariensis - Madagascar, E + SE + S Africa
Excoecaria magenjensis - Mozambique
Excoecaria obtusa - Philippines
Excoecaria oppositifolia - Indian Subcontinent, Indochina
Excoecaria pachyphylla - Philippines
Excoecaria parvifolia - N Australia
Excoecaria perrieri - Madagascar
Excoecaria philippinensis - Philippines, Sabah
Excoecaria poilanei - Vietnam
Excoecaria rectinervis - Nicobar Islands
Excoecaria simii - Cape Province, KwaZulu-Natal
Excoecaria stenophylla - Philippines
Excoecaria thouarsiana - Madagascar
Excoecaria venenata - S China
Excoecaria yunnanensis - Yunnan

Former species

These species were once included in Excoecaria but are not now consider members of this genus. They have been moved to these other genera: Actinostemon, Adenopeltis, Alchornea, Anomostachys, Bocquillonia, Bonania, Cerbera, Falconeria, Grimmeodendron, Gymnanthes, Homalanthus, Maprounea, Microstachys, Neoshirakia, Sapium, Sclerocroton, Sebastiania, Shirakiopsis, Spirostachys, Stillingia, and Triadica.[1]

E. abyssinica - Shirakiopsis elliptica
E. aerea - Sapium glandulosum
E. africana - Spirostachys africana
E. albicans - Gymnanthes albicans
E. arguta - Sapium argutum
E. baccata - Balakata baccata
E. bicalcarata - Sebastiania bicalcarata
E. biglandulosa - Sapium glandulosum
E. bodenbenderi - Stillingia bodenbenderi
E. brachyandra - Actinostemon brachypodus
E. brachypoda - Actinostemon brachypodus
E. brasiliensis - Sebastiania brasiliensis
E. bridgesii - Sebastiania bridgesii
E. caribaea - Actinostemon caribaeus
E. chamelaea - Microstachys chamaelea
E. colliguaya - Adenopeltis serrata
E. concolor - Actinostemon concolor
E. cubensis - Bonania cubana
E. cuneata - Sapium cuneatum
E. discolor - Sebastiania klotzschiana
E. diversifolia - Shirakiopsis indica
E. eglandulata - Sebastiania eglandulata
E. eglandulosa - Grimmeodendron eglandulosum
E. emarginata - Bonania emarginata
E. erythrosperma - Bonania erythrosperma
E. faradianensis - Microstachys faradianensis
E. farinosa - Gymnanthes farinosa
E. glandulosa - Gymnanthes glandulosa
E. glauca - Shirakiopsis indica
E. glomeriflora - Spirostachys venenifera
E. guianensis - Maprounea guianensis
E. haematosperma - Sapium haematospermum
E. hippophaifolia - Sebastiania schottiana
E. hochstetteriana - Sclerocroton integerrimus
E. indica - Shirakiopsis indica
E. insignis - Falconeria insignis
E. integerrima - Sclerocroton integerrimus
E. japonica - Neoshirakia japonica
E. klotzschii - Actinostemon klotzschii
E. laevis - Homalanthus populneus
E. lanceolaria - Triadica cochinchinensis
E. lastellei - Anomostachys lastellei
E. laurocerasus - Sapium laurocerasus
E. leucogyna - Sapium leucogynum
E. leucosperma - Sapium leucogynum
E. lucida - Gymnanthes lucida
E. macrocarpa - Sapium macrocarpum
E. manniana - Shirakiopsis elliptica
E. marginata - Sapium glandulosum
E. martii - Sapium obovatum
E. mauritiana - Stillingia lineata
E. melanosticta - Sclerocroton melanostictus
E. myricifolia - Bonania myricifolia
E. oblongifolia - Sclerocroton oblongifolius
E. obovata - Sapium obovatum
E. obtusifolia - Sebastiania obtusifolia
E. obtusiloba - Sapium glandulosum
E. occidentalis - Sapium glandulosum
E. ovatifolia - Cerbera odollam
E. pallens - Gymnanthes pallens
E. pallida - Sapium pallidum
E. potamophila - Sebastiania potamophila
E. reticulata - Sclerocroton integerrimus
E. rhomboidea - Bocquillonia rhomboidea
E. riparia - Gymnanthes riparia
E. sagrae - Grimmeodendron eglandulosum
E. salpingadenia - Stillingia salpingadenia
E. sebifera - Triadica sebifera
E. serrata - Adenopeltis serrata
E. serrulata - Gymnanthes gaudichaudii
E. sicca - Alchornea sicca
E. stylaris - Sapium stylare
E. suberosa - Sapium glandulosum
E. subsessilis - Sebastiania subsessilis
E. subulata - Sebastiania subulata
E. sylvatica - Stillingia sylvatica
E. synonym - Spirostachys africana
E. tenax - Gymnanthes pallens
E. tijueensis - Sapium haematospermum
E. tinifolia - Gymnanthes elliptica
E. tristis - Sapium argutum
E. unequidentata - Bocquillonia rhomboidea
E. venenifera - Spirostachys venenifera
E. venulosa - Gymnanthes albicans
E. virgata - Shirakiopsis virgata
E. warmingii - Sebastiania warmingii

References

Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
Linnaeus, Carl von. 1759. Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1288 in Latin
Tropicos Excoecaria L.
Govaerts, R., Frodin, D.G. & Radcliffe-Smith, A. (2000). World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae) 1-4: 1-1622. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Flora of China Vol. 11 Page 280 海漆属 hai qi shu Excoecaria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2: 1288. 1759.
"Excoecaria cochinchinensis". Flora Fauna Web. Singapore National Parks. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2021.