Epipactis palustris

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Ordo: Asparagales

Familia: Orchidaceae
Subfamilia: Epidendroideae
Tribus: Neottieae
Genus: Epipactis
Species: Epipactis palustris
Name

Epipactis palustris (L.) Crantz, Stirp. Austr. Fasc., ed. 2, 2: 463. (1769)
Synonyms

Basionym
Serapias helleborine var. palustris L., Sp. Pl.: 950 (1753)
Homotypic
Helleborine palustris (L.) Hill, Brit. Herb.: 478 (1756), nom. inval.
Serapias palustris (L.) Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8: n.º 3 (1768)
Cymbidium palustre (L.) Sw., J. Bot. (Schrader) 1799(2): 225 (1800)
Helleborine palustris (L.) Schrank, Fl. Monac. 2: 190 (1814)
Arthrochilium palustre (L.) Beck, Fl. Nieder-Österreich 1: 212 (1890)
Limodorum palustre (L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 671 (1891)
Calliphyllon palustre (L.) Bubani, Fl. Pyren. 4: 57 (1901)
Amesia palustris (L.) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr., Bot. Gaz. 56: 472 (1913)
Heterotypic
Serapias longiflora Asso, Syn. Stirp. Arag.: 131 (1779)
Epipactis palustris var. parvifolia Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 650 (1866)
Epipactis salina Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 650 (1866)
Epipactis palustris var. ochroleuca Barla, Fl. Ill. Nice, Orchid.: t. 10 (1868)
Epipactis palustris subsp. salina (Schur) K.Richt., Pl. Eur. 1: 283 (1890)
Epipactis palustris f. pumila Zapał., Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 1: 224 (1906)
Epipactis palustris var. robusta Zapał., Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 1: 224 (1906)
Epipactis palustris var. ericetorum Asch. & Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 3: 871 (1907)
Epipactis palustris var. silvatica Asch. & Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 3: 871 (1907)
Epipactis palustris f. submersa Glück, Biol. Morphol. Untersuch. Wasser- Sumpfgew. 3: 56 (1911)
Epipactis palustris var. elatior Pantu, Orch. Roman.: 168 (1915)
Epipactis palustris lusus albiflora Höppner, Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 263 (1924 publ. 1925)
Epipactis palustris f. ampla Höppner, Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 262 (1924 publ. 1925)
Epipactis palustris f. elongata Höppner, Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 260 (1924 publ. 1925)
Epipactis palustris f. gracilis Höppner, Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 262 (1924 publ. 1925)
Epipactis palustris f. longibracteata Höppner, Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 261 (1924 publ. 1925)
Epipactis palustris f. macrostachya Höppner, Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 262 (1924 publ. 1925)
Epipactis palustris lusus ochroleuca '' (Barla) Höppner, Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 263 (1924 publ. 1925)
Epipactis palustris f. rectilinguis Höppner, Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 259 (1924 publ. 1925)
Epipactis palustris f. robusta (Zapał.) Höppner, Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 261 (1924 publ. 1925)
Epipactis palustris f. silvatica (Asch. & Graebn.) Höppner, Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 260 (1924 publ. 1925)
Epipactis palustris lusus tricolor Höppner, Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 263 (1924 publ. 1925)
Epipactis palustris lusus violacea Höppner, Verh. Naturhist. Vereines Preuss. Rheinl. Westphalens 81: 263 (1924 publ. 1925)
Helleborine palustris lusus albiflora (Höppner) Soó, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
Helleborine palustris f. ampla (Höppner) Soó, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
Helleborine palustris f. longibracteata (Höppner) Soó, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
Helleborine palustris lusus ochroleuca (Barla) Soó, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
Helleborine palustris f. parvifolia (Schur) Soó, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
Helleborine palustris lusus purpurea (Sipkes) Soó, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
Helleborine palustris f. rectilinguis (Höppner) Soó, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
Helleborine palustris f. silvatica (Asch. & Graebn.) Soó, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
Helleborine palustris f. submersa (Glück) Soó, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
Helleborine palustris lusus tricolor (Höppner) Soó, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
Helleborine palustris lusus violacea (Höppner) Soó, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34 (1927)
Helleborine palustris f. ericetorum (Asch. & Graebn.) Soó, Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 23: 116 (1928)
Helleborine palustris f. gracilis (Höppner) Soó, Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 23: 116 (1928)
Epipactis palustris var. albiflora E.G.Camus in E.G.Camus & A.A.Camus, Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 2: 469 (1929), nom. illeg.
Helleborine palustris var. ericetorum (Asch. & Graebn.) Druce in I.M.Hayward, Bot. Pocket-Book, ed. 19: 285 (1930)
Epipactis palustris f. ericetorum (Asch. & Graebn.) Soó, Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest. Rolando Eötvös, Sect. Biol. 11: 55 (1969)
Epipactis palustris f. albiflora Aver., Konsp. Rast. Zak.: 39 (1988), nom. illeg.

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Asia-Temperate
Regional: Caucasus
North Caucasus, Transcaucasus.
Regional: China
Xinjiang.
Regional: Middle Asia
Kazakhstan, Kirgizistan, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.
Regional: Mongolia
Mongolia.
Regional: Siberia
Altay, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, West Siberia.
Regional: Western Asia
Iran, Turkey.
Continental: Europe
Regional: Eastern Europe
Baltic States, Belarus, Central European Russia, East European Russia, Krym, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, South European Russia, Ukraine.
Regional: Middle Europe
Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland.
Regional: Northern Europe
Denmark, Finland, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, Sweden.
Regional: Southeastern Europe
Albania, Bulgaria, Greece,itzerland.html">Switzerland, Italy, Romania, Sicilia, Turkey-in-Europe, Yugoslavia.
Regional: Southwestern Europe
France, Portugal, Sardegna, Spain.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition

Epipactis palustris , Biology Stamps

References

Crantz, H.J.N.v. 1769. Stirpium Austriarum Fasciculus. Editio Altera Aucta. ed. 2, 2: 463.
Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.W. & Rasmussen, F.N. (eds.) 2006. Genera Orchidacearum Volume 4 Epidendroideae (Part one); page 501 ff., Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850712-7. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2013. Epipactis palustris in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2013 Feb. 9. Reference page.
Emonocot.org 2013. Epipactis palustris in The Orders and Families of Monocotyledons. Published online. Accessed: 2013 July 14.
Tropicos.org 2013. Epipactis palustris. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 9 Feb. 2013.
International Plant Names Index. 2013. Epipactis palustris. Published online. Accessed: 9. Feb. 2013.
The Plant List 2013. Epipactis palustris in The Plant List Version 1.1. Published online. Accessed: 2014 Apr. 22.

Vernacular names

български: Блатен дремник
català: Hel·leborina dels pantans
čeština: Kruštík bahenní
чӑвашла: Сӳрĕк курăк
Cymraeg: Caldrist y gors
dansk: Sump-Hullæbe
Deutsch: Sumpf-Stendelwurz
English: Marsh Helleborine, Marsh helleborine
español: Heleborina de los pantanos
eesti: Soo-neiuvaip
suomi: Suoneidonvaippa
français: Épipactis des marais, Epipactis des marais
hornjoserbsce: Běły stawač
magyar: Mocsári nőszőfű
italiano: Elleborina palustre
日本語: エピパクティス・レプトキラ
lietuvių: Pelkinis skiautalūpis
latviešu: Purva dzeguzene
norsk bokmål: Myrflangre
Nederlands: Moeraswespenorchis, Moeraswespenorchis
norsk nynorsk: Myrflangre
polski: Kruszczyk błotny
русский: Дремлик болотный
slovenčina: Kruštík močiarny
svenska: Kärrknipprot
українська: Коручка болотна
中文: 新疆火烧兰

Epipactis palustris, the marsh helleborine,[2] is a species of orchid native to Europe and Asia.

Description

Epipactis palustris is a perennial herbaceous plant. This species has a stem growing to 60 cm high with as many as ten erect leaves up to 12 cm long and up to 4 cm wide, with parallel venation. It persists as an underground horizontal stem called a rhizome, from which new roots and stems grow each year. The aerial part of the stem is upright and has a cylindrical section. The base of the aerial stem is glabrous (smooth) and surrounded with pink scales, the upper part of the stem is pubescent and slightly reddened. The flowers are 17 mm across arranged in a one-sided raceme. In the typical form, the sepals are coloured deep pink or purplish-red, the upper petals shorter and paler. The labellum at least as long as the sepals, white with red or yellow spots in the middle.[3] Variants without most of the reddish colours of the typical form have been called E. palustris var. ochroleuca.[4] The fruit is a many-ribbed capsule, containing a large number of minute seeds.
Distribution and habitat

Europe, including the United Kingdom and Mediterranean countries, Turkey, north Iraq, the Caucasus, north Iran, West and East Siberia and Central Asia.[5][6] This species occurs in the Sarmatic mixed forests ecoregion.[7]

Epipactis palustris is typically found in humid woodland and grassland, as well as in marshes, dune slacks and bogs. It prefers a calcareous substrate with a basic pH, low nutrient availability and medium wet.
Pollination and ecology

Each flower contains male and female organs of reproduction. Flowers produce nectar and are pollinated by wasps, bees and Diptera.

Orchids rely on a symbiotic relationship with soil fungi, which gives them access to more soil nutrients. Epipactis palustris is specialised compared to other Epipactis species, partnering mainly with fungal species in the order Helotiales, but also to a much lesser degree with Sebacina, Tulasnella, Thelephora and Ceratobasidium in descending order of frequency.[8]
Etymology

Epipactis is a Greek word the meaning of which is disputed, but some have translated it as "grow above". The species epithet palustris is Latin for "of the marsh" and indicates its common habitat.[9]

"Helleborine" may refer to deer using the orchid for food (many conservationists have noted that helleborine orchids are grazed by deer.[10][11][12]). Alternatively it may denote that the plants are similar to hellebores (a group of species in the family Ranunculaceae), possibly because many species of orchid closely related to E. palustris have green flowers like the hellebores. "Hellebore" comes from the Greek "álkē" and "bora", translating as "fawn" and "food of beasts".[13]
Variation in flower colour
References

Govaerts, R. et.al. (2018) Plants of the world online: Epipactis palustris. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
Webb, D.A., Parnell, J. and Doogue, D. 1996. An Irish Flora Dundalgan Press Ltd, Dundalk. ISBN 0-85221-131-7
Davies, Paul; Huxley, Anthony (1983). Wild Orchids of Britain and Europe. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-7011-2642-1.
"World Checklist of Selected Plant Families".
"World Checklist of Selected Plant Families TDWG Geocodes" (PDF).
C.Michael Hogan. 2011. "Sarmatic mixed forests". Topic ed. Sidney Draggan. Ed.-in-chief Cutler J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment
Annals of Botany - Differences in mycorrhizal communities between Epipactis palustris, E. helleborine and its presumed sister species E. neerlandica
Archibald William Smith A Gardener's Handbook of Plant Names: Their Meanings and Origins, p. 258, at Google Books
Plantlife - Epipactis youngiana
Wildflower Society Online Report
Finnish Orchids
Dictionary.com