Diascia

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Lamiids
Ordo: Lamiales

Familia: Scrophulariaceae
Tribus: Hemimerideae
Genus: Diascia
Species (69 accepted):
D. aliciae – D. alonsooides – D. alonzoides – D. anastrepta – D. appendiculata – D. ausana – D. austromontana – D. barberae – D. batteniana – D. bergiana – D. bicolor – D. capensis – D. capsularis – D. cardiosepala – D. caitliniae – D. collina – D. cordata – D. cuneata – D. decipiens – D. dielsiana – D. diffusa – D. dissecta – D. dissimulans – D. ellaphieae – D. elongata – D. engleri – D. esterhuyseniae – D. fetcaniensis – D. fragrans – D. glandulosa – D. gracilis – D. heterandra – D. hexensis – D. humilis – D. insignis – D. integerrima – D. lewisiae – D. lilacina – D. longicornis – D. macrophylla – D. maculata – D. megathura – D. minutiflora – D. mollis – D. namaquensis – D. nana – D. nodosa – D. nutans – D. pachyceras – D. parviflora – D. patens – D. pentheri – D. personata – D. purpurea – D. pusilla – D. racemulosa – D. ramosa – D. rigescens – D. rudolphii – D. runcinata – D. sacculata – D. scullyi – D. stachyoides – D. stricta – D. tanyceras – D. tugelensis – D. unilabiata – D. veronicoides – D. vigilis
Name

Diascia Link & Otto Icon. Pl. Select. 7. 1828. (1820)

Type species: Diascia bergiana Link & Otto Icon. Pl. Select. 7. 1828. (1820)

References

Link, J.H.F. & Otto, C.F. 1820. Icones plantarum selectarum 7. 1828.
Steiner, K.E. 2011. A new endemic Diascia (Scrophulariaceae) threatened by proposed tungsten mining in the Western Cape, South African Journal of Botany 77 (3): 777–781.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2014. Diascia in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2014 March 2. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2014. Diascia. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2014 March 2.
International Plant Names Index. 2014. Diascia. Published online. Accessed: March 2 2014.

Vernacular names
English: Twinspur
suomi: Dianat
italiano: Diascia

Diascia is a genus of around 70 species[1] of herbaceous annual and perennial flowering plants of the family Scrophulariaceae,[2] native to southern Africa, including South Africa, Lesotho and neighbouring areas.

The perennial species are found mainly in summer-rainfall areas such as the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg; about 50 species, mostly annuals, are found in the Western Cape and Namaqualand, winter rainfall areas.

Their common name is twinspur, in reference to the two (usually downward-pointing) spurs to be found on the back of the flower.[3] These help to distinguish them from the similar (and closely related) genera Alonsoa and Nemesia. The spurs contain a special oil, which is collected in the wild by bees of the genus Rediviva (e.g. R. longimanus) that appear to have coevolved with the plants, as they have unusually long forelegs for collecting the oil.[4][5]

In gardens, Diascia cultivars (mostly hybrids) have become extremely popular as colourful, floriferous, easily grown bedding plants in recent years.[6]

Etymology

Surprisingly, the generic name (from the Greek di = two and askos = bag, pouch or sack) does not refer to the spurs, but to the two translucent sacs, or pouches, known as 'windows', found in the upper part of the corolla of the original type specimen, Diascia bergiana. Diascia species in the section Racemosae have similar windows, but in some species they merge into one. The windows may help oil-collecting bees to find the correct position within the corolla when gathering oil from the glands within the spurs.[7]
Description

Most diascia species are short-growing, straggling plants, reaching no more than 30–45 centimetres (12–18 in) in height, although Diascia rigescens can reach 60 cm (24 in), and the rather similar D. personata (with which it is often confused)[8] up to 120 cm (47 in) or so. Some Diascia species spread by means of stolons, while others produce multiple lax stems from a single crown. The flowers are borne in loose terminal racemes. The corolla is five-lobed, and normally pink or rose-coloured in the perennial species most commonly seen in cultivation. Dark purplish patches of oil glands may make the flowers of some species appear bicoloured.
Species

Around 60–70 species are currently recognised in the genus Diascia:[9]

Diascia aliciae Hiern
Diascia alonzoides Benth.
Diascia anastrepta Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
Diascia ausana Dinter
Diascia austromontana K.E.Steiner
Diascia barberae Hook.f.
Diascia batteniana K.E.Steiner
Diascia bergiana Link & Otto
Diascia bicolor K.E.Steiner
Diascia capensis (L.) Britten
Diascia capsularis Benth.
Diascia cardiosepala Hiern
Diascia cordata N.E.Br.
Diascia cuneata E.Mey. ex Benth.
Diascia decipiens K.E.Steiner
Diascia dielsiana Schltr. ex Hiern
Diascia diffusa Benth.
Diascia dissecta Hiern
Diascia dissimulans Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
Diascia ellaphieae K.E.Steiner
Diascia elongata Benth.
Diascia engleri Diels
Diascia esterhuyseniae K.E.Steiner
Diascia fetcaniensis Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
Diascia fragrans K.E.Steiner
Diascia glandulosa E.Phillips
Diascia gracilis Schltr.
Diascia heterandra Benth.
Diascia hexensis K.E.Steiner
Diascia humilis K.E.Steiner
Diascia insignis K.E.Steiner
Diascia integerrima E.Mey. ex Benth.
Diascia lewisiae K.E.Steiner
Diascia lilacina Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
Diascia longicornis (Thunb.) Druce
Diascia macrophylla (Thunb.) Spreng.
Diascia maculata K.E.Steiner
Diascia megathura Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
Diascia minutiflora Hiern
Diascia mollis Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
Diascia namaquensis Hiern
Diascia nana Diels
Diascia nodosa K.E.Steiner
Diascia nutans Diels
Diascia pachyceras E.Mey. ex Benth.
Diascia parviflora Benth.
Diascia patens (Thunb.) Grant ex Fourc.
Diascia pentheri Schltr.
Diascia personata Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
Diascia purpurea N.E.Br.
Diascia racemulosa Benth.
Diascia ramosa Scott-Elliot
Diascia rigescens E.Mey. ex Benth.
Diascia rudolphii Hiern
Diascia runcinata E.Mey. ex Benth.
Diascia sacculata Benth.
Diascia scullyi Hiern
Diascia stachyoides Schltr. ex Hiern
Diascia stricta Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
Diascia tanyceras E.Mey. ex Benth.
Diascia tugelensis Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
Diascia unilabiata (Thunb.) Benth.
Diascia veronicoides Schltr.
Diascia vigilis Hilliard & B.L.Burtt

Coevolution with Rediviva bees

The two spurs found on the back of a Diascia flower (from which it gets the common name twinspur) contain a special oil, which is collected in the wild by at least 8 species of bees of the genus Rediviva. The bees appear to have coevolved with the plants, as the females have developed unusually long, hairy forelegs with which they collect the oil from Diascia spurs to feed their larvae (and sometimes to line their nests with).[10] The spurs vary in average length from 5.3 millimetres (0.21 in) to as much as 13.9 mm (0.55 in), mainly between species (although those of D. capsularis can vary widely between populations); the bees' forelegs vary similarly.[4] The spurs of Diascia longicornis are about 25 mm (0.98 in) in length, but the existence of a suitably equipped pollinator, Rediviva emdeorum, with forelegs of the same length, was only confirmed in the 1980s. Rediviva longimanus has also been observed pollinating D. longicornis in the Western Cape.[11]

Rediviva neliana, a widespread species, collects from at least 12 species of Diascia, but in general, few different Diascia species grow together in the same locality. As a result, local populations of R. neliana have been found to differ from each other, as each has developed legs that match the spur length of the diascias that are available to them in that locality. This indicates that local populations of R. neliana are coevolving with the flowers on which they depend.[4]
Garden uses
'Coral Belle', a cultivar used for summer bedding

Diascia cultivars have become extremely popular worldwide as bedding plants, suitable for hanging baskets, window boxes and other containers, as well as rockeries and the fronts of herbaceous borders. This explosion of interest is largely thanks to the breeding work done by the late Hector Harrison of Appleby, North Lincolnshire, England. From 1985, he raised hundreds of hybrid seedlings, from which several excellent cultivars have been selected and named. He increased the colour range to include shades of apricot, pink, coral, lilac, red and white. Other nurseries and breeders have continued to build on his pioneering work.[6]

Several species and cultivars have been given the Award of Garden Merit by the British Royal Horticultural Society. The AGM includes a hardiness rating: most have been rated as intermediate between H3 (hardy outside in some regions or particular situations or which, while usually grown outside in summer, needs frost-free protection in winter – e.g. dahlias) and H4 (hardy throughout the British Isles).[12][13]
Cultivars

The species and cultivars commonly grown in gardens include the following (those awarded the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit are marked agm):[13][14]
A raceme of Diascia 'Little Tango', a hybrid cultivar. The spurs on the back of the corolla can be seen
Floral basket with diascia

References

PlantZAfrica.com Diascia integerrima
"Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Hemimerideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
Iannotti, Marie (28 March 2016). "A Trailing Flower that Blooms All Season - Diascia". gardening.about.com. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
Google Books: Thompson, John N., The Coevolutionary Process
PlantSystematics.org Diascia (Scrophulariaceae)
Horticulture Week: Diascia, by Graham Clarke
Kim E. Steiner (1990). "The Diascia (Scrophulariaceae) window: an orientation cue for oil-collecting bees". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 102 (2): 175–195. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb01874.x.
Google Books: The European Garden Flora
"Diascia". The Plant List. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
Peter W. Price (1997). "Pollination ecology". Insect Ecology (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 248. ISBN 9780471161844.
Stefan Vogel & Charles D. Michener (1985). "Long bee legs and oil-producing spurs, and a new Rediviva (Hymenoptera, Melittidae; Scrophulariaceae)". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 58 (2): 359–364. JSTOR 25084648.
RHS Online: Archived 2009-10-12 at the Wayback Machine Award of Garden Merit (AGM)
RHS Plant Finder 2009-2010. Dorling Kindersley. 2009. p. 242. ISBN 978-1-4053-4176-9.
"AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 29. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
"RHS Plant Selector - Diascia barberae 'Blackthorn Apricot'". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
"RHS Plant Selector - Diascia barberae 'Fisher's Flora'". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
"RHS Plant Selector - Diascia barberae 'Ruby Field'". Retrieved 27 May 2020.
"RHS Plantfinder - Diascia Coral Belle='Hecbel'". Retrieved 8 February 2018.
"RHS Plant Selector - Diascia 'Dark Eyes'". Retrieved 27 May 2020.
"RHS Plant Selector - Diascia 'Elizabeth'". Retrieved 27 May 2020.
"RHS Plant Selector - Diascia integerrima". Retrieved 27 May 2020.
"RHS Plant Selector - Diascia 'Joyce's Choice'". Retrieved 27 May 2020.
"RHS Plant Selector - Diascia 'Lady Valerie'". Retrieved 27 May 2020.
"RHS Plant Selector - Diascia 'Lilac Belle'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
"RHS Plant Selector - Diascia 'Lilac Mist'". Retrieved 27 May 2020.
"RHS Plant Selector - Diascia rigescens". Retrieved 27 May 2020.
"RHS Plant Selector - Diascia 'Rupert Lambert'". Retrieved 27 May 2020.
"RHS Plant Selector - Diascia 'Twinkle'". Retrieved 27 May 2020.
"RHS Plant Selector - Diascia vigilis". Retrieved 27 May 2020.