Convolvulus arvensis

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Lamiids
Ordo: Solanales

Familia: Convolvulaceae
Tribus: Convolvuleae
Genus: Convolvulus
Sectio: C. sect. Convolvulus
Species: Convolvulus arvensis
Name

Convolvulus arvensis L., Sp. Pl.: 153 (1753).
Synonyms

Homotypic
Convolvulus sagittifolius Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 123 (1796), nom. superfl.
Strophocaulos arvensis (L.) Small, Man. S.E. Fl.: 1507 (1933).
Heterotypic
Convolvulus hastatus Forssk., Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.: 203 (1775).
Convolvulus minor Gilib., Fl. Lit. Inch. 1: 43 (1782), opus utique oppr.
Convolvulus auriculatus Desr. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 3: 540 (1792).
Convolvulus prostratus F.W.Schmidt, Fl. Boëm. 2: 93 (1793 publ. 1794), nom. illeg.
Convolvulus arvensis var. villosus Lej., Fl. Spa 2: 298 (1813).
Convolvulus cirrhosus R.Br. in H.Salt, Voy. Abyss.: lxiv (1814), nom. nud.
Convolvulus hastifolius Poir. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl., Suppl. 3: 467 (1814).
Convolvulus cherleri C.Agardh ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis 4: 261 (1819).
Convolvulus corsicus Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis 4: 256 (1819).
Convolvulus malcolmii Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 55 (1824).
Convolvulus arvensis var. cordifolius Lasch, Linnaea 4: 407 (1829).
Convolvulus mahur Buch.-Ham. ex Wall., Numer. List: n.º 1422 (1829), nom. nud.
Convolvulus arvensis var. volubilis Klett & Richt., Fl. Leipzig: 209 (1830), nom. illeg.
Convolvulus arvensis var. hirtus Bab., Prim. Fl. Sarnicae: 62 (1839).
Convolvulus arvensis var. auriculatus (Desr.) Choisy in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 407 (1845).
Convolvulus arvensis var. biflorus Choisy in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 406 (1845).
Convolvulus arvensis var. linearifolius Choisy in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 407 (1845).
Convolvulus arvensis var. multiflorus Choisy in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 407 (1845).
Convolvulus arvensis var. obtusifolius Choisy in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 406 (1845).
Convolvulus arvensis var. parvifolius Choisy in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 407 (1845).
Convolvulus arvensis var. pumilus Choisy in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 406 (1845).
Convolvulus arvensis var. villosus Choisy in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 407 (1845), nom. illeg.
Convolvulus multiflorus Poit. ex Choisy in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 367 (1845), pro syn.
Convolvulus sagittifolius Fisch. ex Choisy in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 407 (1845), pro syn.
Convolvulus arvensis var. minor Lindem., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 23(II): 508 (1850).
Convolvulus quinquelobus Lindem., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 23(II): 508 (1850), nom. illeg.
Convolvulus sagittatus Dulac, Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées: 439 (1867), nom. illeg.
Convolvulus arvensis var. hastulatus Meisn. in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Bras. 7: 313 (1869).
Convolvulus translucens Hance, J. Bot. 7: 165 (1869).
Pantocsekia illyrica Griseb., Oesterr. Bot. Z. 23: 267 (1873).
Convolvulus arvensis var. aphacifolius Pomel, Nouv. Mat. Fl. Atl. 1: 85 (1874).
Convolvulus arvensis var. filicaulis Pomel, Nouv. Mat. Fl. Atl. 1: 85 (1874).
Convolvulus segobricencis Pau, Not. Bot. Fl. Españ. 1: 7 (1887).
Convolvulus arvensis var. alvarensis J.Erikson, Bot. Not (1901): 203 (1901).
Convolvulus arvensis var. cherleri (C.Agardh ex Roem. & Schult.) Halácsy, Consp. Fl. Graec. 2: 307 (1902).
Convolvulus ambigens House, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 139 (1905).
Convolvulus europaeus Barb.-Gamp., Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, sér. 2, 12: 236 (1920 publ (1921)).
Convolvulus incanus var. glabratus Farw., Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 2: 36 (1923).
Convolvulus arvensis var. biflorus Pau in P.Font i Quer, Iter Marocc.: n.º 525 (1932), nom. illeg.
Convolvulus arvensis var. minutus Maire, Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 3: 587 (1934).
Convolvulus arvensis var. paui Maire, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 28: 370 (1937).
Convolvulus arvensis var. trigonophyllus Maire, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 28: 370 (1937).
Convolvulus arvensis f. auriculatus (Desr.) Fernald, Gray's Man. Bot., ed. 8: 1182 (1950).
Convolvulus arvensis f. cordifolius (Lasch) Fernald, Gray's Man. Bot., ed. 8: 1182 (1950).
Convolvulus arvensis subsp. crispatus Franco, Nova Fl. Portugal 2: 565 (1984).
Convolvulus arvensis f. decarrhabdotus P.D.Sell, Fl. Great Britain Ireland 3: 519 (2009).
Convolvulus arvensis f. decemvulnerus P.D.Sell, Fl. Great Britain Ireland 3: 519 (2009).
Convolvulus arvensis f. notatus P.D.Sell, Fl. Great Britain Ireland 3: 519 (2009).
Convolvulus arvensis f. pallidinotatus P.D.Sell, Fl. Great Britain Ireland 3: 519 (2009).
Convolvulus arvensis f. pallidiroseus P.D.Sell, Fl. Great Britain Ireland 3: 519 (2009).
Convolvulus arvensis f. pentarrhabdotus P.D.Sell, Fl. Great Britain Ireland 3: 519 (2009).
Convolvulus arvensis f. pentastictus P.D.Sell, Fl. Great Britain Ireland 3: 519 (2009).
Convolvulus arvensis f. perroseus P.D.Sell, Fl. Great Britain Ireland 3: 519 (2009).
Convolvulus arvensis f. quinquevulnerus P.D.Sell, Fl. Great Britain Ireland 3: 519 (2009).

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Europe
Albania, Austria, Belgium, Baleares, England, Bulgaria, Corsica, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece (incl. Kiklades), Crete, East Aegaean Isl., Rhodos, Ireland, Switzerland, Netherlands, Spain, Hungary, Italy, Montenegro, Serbia & Kosovo, Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, Bosnia & Hercegovina, Portugal, Malta, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sardinia, Sicily, Sweden, Crimea, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, C-, E- & N-European Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Cyprus (C-Mountains, E-Cyprus, N-Cyprus, S-Cyprus, W-Cyprus)
Continental: Africa
Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan, Chad, Mauritania, Azores (Santa Maria Isl., Sao Miguel Isl., Graciosa, Sao Jorge, Pico, Faial, Flores Isl., Corvo Isl.), Madeira (Madeira Isl., Porto Santo Isl.), Canary Isl. (Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, Hierro, La Palma Isl., Lanzarote, Fuerteventura)
Continental: Asia-Temperate
Northern Caucasus, Armenia, Georgia [Caucasus], Azerbaijan, Siberia (W-Siberia, C-Siberia), Russian Far East, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Java, NW-India, Bhutan, Myanmar [Burma] (Magway, Mandalay), Nepal, Pakistan (Sind, Pakistani Punjab, etc.), Jammu & Kashmir, Kashmir, Ladakh, etc.), Pakistani Kashmir (Gilgit, Baltistan, etc.), India, peninsular Malaysia, Korea (I), Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia: Mesopotamian Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia), Egypt (Desert Oases, Great Southwestern Desert, Nile Delta, Nile Valley, NW-coastal Egypt), European Turkey, Iran (E-Iran, NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran, EC-Iran), Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq, SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia, S-Iraq), Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel, N-Negev Desert), Jordania (W-Jordania), Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon), Oman (Dhofar, Mascat & Oman), Saudi Arabia (C-Saudi Arabia, NE-Saudi Arabia, N-Saudi Arabia, Nafud Desert, Hejaz, Rub al Khali, Asir, Nejd Desert), Sinai peninsula (N-Sinai, S-Sinai), Syria (coastal W-Syria, NW-Syria, Jbel Druze), Yemen (N-Inner Yemen, Tihama, W-Yemen), Afghanistan (Badakshan, Wakhan, Balkh, Bamyan, Ghazni, Herat, Kandahar, Kunar / Nuristan, Laghman, Wardak, Paktia / Khost, Parwan, Takhar)

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus I: 153. Reference page.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2019. Convolvulus arvensis in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 November 03. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2019. Convolvulus arvensis. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2019. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 November 03. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2019. Convolvulus arvensis. Published online. Accessed: November 03 2019.
Tropicos.org 2019. Convolvulus arvensis. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 November 03.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Convolvulus arvensis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 09-Oct-10.

Vernacular names
العربية: لبلاب الحقول
azərbaycanca: Çöl sarmaşığı
беларуская: Бярозка палявая
català: Corretjola de conradís
kaszëbsczi: Czeliszczi Matczi Bòsczi
čeština: Svlačec rolní
Cymraeg: Cwlwm y Cythraul
dansk: Ager-Snerle
Deutsch: Ackerwinde
dolnoserbski: Rolna pówitka

Ελληνικά, Κυπριακά: Περικλοκάδα, Περικλοκάδι

English: Field Bindweed
Esperanto: Agra konvolvulo
español: Correhuela
eesti: Kassitapp
euskara: Ezkerte beltz
فارسی: پیچک صحرایی
suomi: Peltokierto
français: Liseron des champs
Gàidhlig: Iadh-lus
עברית: חבלבל השדה
हिन्दी: हिरन खुरी
hornjoserbsce: Rólna wijawka
magyar: Apró szulák
հայերեն: պատատուկ դաշտային
italiano: Convolvolo
日本語: セイヨウヒルガオ
lietuvių: Dirvinis vijoklis
мокшень: Шееронь карькс
македонски: Полска повивка
Nedersaksies: Pispotjen
Plattdüütsch: Wegewinne
Nederlands: Akkerwinde
polski: Powój polny
پنجابی: لیلی
română: Volbură
русский: Вьюнок полевой
slovenčina: Pupenec roľný
svenska: Åkervinda
тоҷикӣ: Печак
Türkçe: Çadır çiçeği
українська: Берізка польова
中文（简体）: 田旋花
中文（繁體）: 田旋花
中文（臺灣）: 田旋花
中文: 田旋花

Convolvulus arvensis, the field bindweed, is a species of bindweed that is rhizomatous and is in the morning glory family (Convolvulaceae),[1] native to Europe and Asia. It is a climbing or creeping herbaceous perennial plant with stems growing to 0.5–2 metres in length, usually found at ground level, with small, white and pink flowers.

Other common names, mostly obsolete, include lesser bindweed, European bindweed, withy wind (in basket willow crops), perennial morning glory, small-flowered morning glory, creeping jenny, and possession vine.

Taxonomy

This plant first gained its scientific name in 1753, when it was described by Linnaeus in the Species Plantarum. In the centuries afterwards it gained many subspecies and varieties across its vast range, as well as synonyms as purportedly new species were described from places like China, Russia, Egypt or Morocco. New species and forms were even described from areas like Chile, Mexico and California when botanists encountered the plant there,[2][3] although it is not native to these areas.[2]

In the ninth volume of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle's Prodromus, published in 1845, Jacques Denys Choisy reduced a number of these synonyms to ten varieties of Convolvulus arvensis,[4] although he also recognised a number of species now also reduced to synonyms of C. arvensis.[2][3] Over time, most or all of these species and varieties were no longer recognised by the relevant authorities.[5]

In the 2009 Flora of Great Britain and Ireland, Peter Derek Sell described nine new forms he believed he had discovered in Cambridgeshire, especially along Fen Road in the village of Bassingbourn cum Kneesworth. The incredible bindweed biodiversity of Bassingbourn cum Kneesworth was not deemed credible by subsequent taxonomists, however, and the species is currently considered to be monotypic by most authorities.[2][3]
Description

Convolvulus arvensis is a perennial vine. It will climb to some one metre high. Underground the vine produces more or less woody rhizomes,[5] from which it re-sprouts in the spring, or when the above ground vines are removed.

The leaves are spirally arranged, linear to arrowhead-shaped, 2–5 cm long and alternate, with a 1–3 cm petiole. The flowers are trumpet-shaped, 1–2.5 cm diameter, white or pale pink, with five slightly darker pink radial stripes. Flowering occurs in the mid-summer,[6] (in the UK, between June and September,[7]) when white to pale pink, funnel-shaped flowers develop. Flowers are approximately 0.75–1 in (1.9–2.5 cm) across and are subtended by small bracts. Fruit are light brown, rounded and 0.125 inches (3.2 mm) wide. Each fruit contains 2 or 4 seeds that are eaten by birds and can remain viable in the soil for decades. The stems climb by twisting around other plant stems in a counter-clockwise direction.[6]
Flower with red velvet mites
Convolvulus arvensis capsules and seeds
Convolvulus arvensis in pink
Similar species

Convolvulus arvensis can be confused with a number of similar weed species. Key traits are the small flowers often crowded together, and two sharp, backwards-pointed lobes at the base of the usually arrow-shaped leaf ending in a sharp apex.[8] Juvenile stems exude a milky sap when broken.[9]

Calystegia sepium - Large white flowers. Squarish[8] or rounded lobes at the base of the leaf.
C. spithamaea - Leaf apex is rounded. Large white flowers.[8] Only occurs in America.
Fagopyrum tataricum - Annual.[9] No milky sap.
Fallopia convolvulus - Small greenish flowers.[8] No milky sap.
Ipomoea spp. - Ornamental species are summer annuals.[9] More rounded, heart-shaped leaves in most species.

In China, the most similar and only other vinaceous Convolvulus species is C. steppicola (most of the Convolvulus species are shrubs or herbaceous perennials),[10] however this species has a thick woody rootstock, almost no petioles, and only grows in northern Yunnan,[10][11] where C. arvensis is absent.[5]
Ecology

Plants are typically found inhabiting farmland,[5][7][12] waste places,[5][7][13] along roads,[5][12][13] in pastures,[12][13] grassy slopes,[5] and also along streams in North America.[12] It is able to colonise hot asphalt surface by covering it from the sides of roads, and worm its way between pavement stones.[7] It grows from 600 to 4500 metres in altitude in China, and is absent from the warmer southern provinces.[5] It prefers dry areas with humus-poor, nutrient-rich and alkaline soils. It is a characteristic species in the phytosociological vegetation association Convolvulo-Agropyretum, belonging to the couch grass dry grasslands alliance (called Convolvulo-Agropyrion repentis in syntaxonomy).[13]

Like the other Convolvulus bindweeds of Eurasia, it is specifically pollinated by sweat bees in the genus Systropha. These are specialists (oligolectic) feeding upon the flowers of these plants, possessing unusual modifications of the scopa, such that almost the entire abdomen (including the dorsal surface) is used for carrying pollen, rather than the legs, as in most bees.[14] Species of Systropha in central Europe (such as S. curvicornis and S. planidens, both uncommon bees) are essentially entirely dependent upon C. arvensis. Although both species specialise on the same plant species, S. curvicornis is a habitat generalist while S. planidens is only found in steppe habitats,[15] although they are also found occurring together. The males of both species claim territories consisting of a patch of bindweed flowers, perching on the flowers in the afternoon after a regular patrol of their little patch for errant conspecific males, which, upon countenance, they proceed to attack the intruder by ramming him from the air with a specialised protuberance on their lower abdomen. Sometimes bumblebees, honey bees or other insects are air-bombed, but never rammed. The males retreat inside the flower after the perching session, as it closes in the late afternoon, spending the night inside the flower and escaping at dawn before or after it fully closes (the females stay in underground tunnel nests). The males only land on flowers (sometimes of other plants), eschewing other perches, and feed on the nectar. Females forage for nectar and pollen in the morning and early afternoon while flowers stay open. Most copulation occurs in bindweed flowers: when a virgin female wanders into their patch, and the larger males find them busy at one of their flowers during morning patrol, the males pounce upon them without ado and immediately establish contact with their mutual genitalia, getting the job done on average 90 seconds later.[16] These species are themselves specifically parasitised upon by the cuckoo bee Biastes brevicornis.[17]
As an invasive

Outside its native range, field bindweed does not appear to be a significant threat to natural habitats. It primarily requires disturbed ground (agricultural land),[18][19] and is easily shaded out by taller shrubs and trees. It may dominate the ground flora in some low quality, open grassland areas, however.[18] In North America it can become the or a co-dominant plant in specific habitats: the low vegetation found around vernal pools in Sacramento County, and around large pools in Tehama County, California; riparian corridors in Wyoming and Colorado; aspen stands and mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus spp.) shrubland/grassland in Colorado; and disturbed riverbank areas in the Montreal area of Canada.[19] In some nature parks, it is commonly found in areas of disturbed soil, such as camp grounds or around horse corrals in California. Similarly, the report of its invasive character from Colorado is from former agricultural land being restored to a more natural state by The Nature Conservancy. Employees for the same organisation also reported that it was a significant weed on an irrigated plot of farmland in northern Idaho where native bunchgrass and forbs were cultivated, insofar that it caused "decreasing biodiversity" on the land.[19]

It is thought to have little effect on native fauna, although it may sometime be eaten by farm livestock. It may cause photosensitisation in susceptible animals. There is a report of its roots (rhizomes) being possibly poisonous to pigs.[18][19] and the alkaloids it contains may be poisonous to horses in sufficient amounts.[20] There are also reports of it being eaten by sheep and pigs to control it without reported problems.[19]
Chemistry

Bindweed contains several alkaloids which are toxic for mice, including pseudotropine, and lesser amounts of tropine, tropinone, and meso-cuscohygrine.[21]
Economic impacts

Although it produces attractive flowers, it is often unwelcome in gardens as a nuisance weed due to its rapid growth and choking of cultivated plants. It was most likely introduced into North America as a contaminant in crop seed as early as 1739, and became an invasive species. Its dense mats invade agricultural fields and reduce crop yields; it is estimated that crop losses due to this plant in the United States exceeded US$377 million in the year 1998 alone.[12] It is one of the most serious weeds of agricultural fields in many temperate regions of the US.[22]
Control and management

Bindweed is difficult to eliminate. Roots may extend as far as nine feet deep, according to one source,[9] or 30 feet, according to another.[23] New plants may sprout from seeds that are up to 20 years old.[24] New plants can also form from root runners[23] and root fragments.[9]

Methods for controlling bindweed include:

Physical removal: Bindweed can be controlled by pulling it out by hand or plowing it up every three weeks, for three[9] up to seven years.[23][19]
Mulching: Applying a thick barrier to block sun may control bindweed.[23]
Soil solarization for six to nine weeks in California was found to kill seedlings entirely, and control adult plants, but only for three weeks after treatment.[19]
Boiling water, placed on the plant, only practical for small areas.[25]
Biological control: Some insects and mites can eat, distort or stunt bindweed, but do not fully control it.[26]
Grazing: In Minnesota, sheep are able to consistently completely rid an infested pasture of the bindweed in two seasons, but only when the pasture is used to grow annual grains.[19]
In general, plant species which grow vigorously in the winter and early spring are best at smothering emerging shoots.[19]
It can be controlled by glyphosate.[19]
Other herbicides usually recommended for this species are 2,4-D, dicamba, picloram, quinclorac and paraquat.[19]

In culture

In one of the tales collected by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, Our Lady's Little Glass, this flower is used by Mary, mother of Jesus, to drink wine with when she helps free a wagoner's cart. The story goes on to say that "the little flower is still always called Our Lady's Little Glass".[27]
References

Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012. Webb's An Irish Flora. Cork University Press. ISBN 978-185918-4783
Govaerts, Rafaël (2021). "Convolvulus arvensis L., Sp. Pl.: 153 (1753)". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
Wunderlin, R. P.; Hansen, B. F.; Franck, A. R.; Essig, F. B. (8 July 2021). "Convolvulus arvensis". Atlas of Florida Plants. Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
Choisy, Jacques Denys (1845). Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis (in Latin). Vol. 9. Paris: Fortin, Masson et sociorum. pp. 406, 407. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.286.
Fang, Ruizheng; Staples, George (1995). "Convolvulus arvensis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 153. 1753". Flora of China. Vol. 16 (Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae). St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press.
Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg, E.F. 1968 Excursion Flora of the British Isles Second Edition Cambridge University Press.ISBN 0-521-04656-4
Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain. Reader's Digest. 1981. p. 250. ISBN 978-0-276-00217-5.
Muma, Walter. "Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis)". Ontario Wildflowers. Walter Muma. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
"Bidding Farewell to the Dreaded Bindweed". Oregon State University Extension Service. September 2008. Archived from the original on 16 July 2019.
Fang, Ruizheng; Staples, George (1995). "Convolvulus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 153. 1753". Flora of China. Vol. 16 (Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae). St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press.
Fang, Ruizheng; Staples, George (1995). "Convolvulus steppicola Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 810. 1936". Flora of China. Vol. 16 (Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae). St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press.
Coombs, E. M., et al., Eds. (2004). Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the United States. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 151.
Oberdorfer, Erich (2001). Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete. Unter Mitarbeit von Angelika Schwabe und Theo Müller. 8., stark überarbeitete und ergänzte Auflage (in German). Stuttgart (Hohenheim): Eugen Ulmer. p. 772. ISBN 3-8001-3131-5.
Michener, C.D. (2000). The Bees of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press
Bogusch, Petr; Bláhová, Eliška; Horák, Jakub (21 October 2020). "Pollen specialists are more endangered than non-specialised bees even though they collect pollen on flowers of non-endangered plants". Arthropod-Plant Interactions. 14: 759–769. doi:10.1007/s11829-020-09789-y.
Fraberger, Raphaelo J.; Ayasse, Manfred (October 2007). "Mating Behavior, Male Territoriality and Chemical Communication in the European Spiral-Horned Bees, Systropha planidens and S. curvicornis (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 80 (4): 348–360. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
Müller, Andreas; Krebs, Albert; Amiet, Felix (1997). Bienen. Mitteleuropäische Gattungen, Lebensweise, Beobachtung (in German). Augsburg: Naturbuch-Verlag. ISBN 3-89440-241-5.
"Impact Assessment - Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) in Victoria (Nox)". Victorian Resources Online. State of Victoria (Agriculture Victoria). 1996. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
Zouhar, Kris (2004). "SPECIES: Convolvulus arvensis". Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
Todd, Fred G.; Stermitz, Frank R.; Schultheis, Partricia; Knight, Anthony P.; Traub-Dargatz, Josie (May 1995). "Tropane alkaloids and toxicity of Convolvulus arvensis". Phytochemistry. 39 (2): 301–303. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(94)00969-Z.
Vet Hum Toxicol. 1995 Oct;37(5):452-4. Toxicity of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) to mice. Schultheiss PC1, Knight AP, Traub-Dargatz JL, Todd FG, Stermitz FR.
"The 10 Types of Weeds That Are Most Dangerous for Your Crops". www.gvcfarmsupply.com. 2018-10-31. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
Beddes, Taun (24 September 2014). "Tips on Controlling Bindweed". Utah State University Extension. Archived from the original on 16 July 2019.
USDA Forest Service. "Weed of the Week: Field Bindweed" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2019.
"StackPath". www.gardeningknowhow.com. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
Cortat, Ghislaine (15 November 2018). "Convolvulus arvensis (bindweed)". Invasive Species Compendium. CAB International. Archived from the original on 16 July 2019.

"Our lady's little glass". Grimms' Fairy Tales. Retrieved 12 July 2021.

Flora Europaea: Convolvulus arvensis
Invasive.org: Convolvulus arvensis
PLANTS Profile: Convolvulus arvensis (field blindweed) | USDA PLANTS
Federal Noxious Weed Disseminules in the US