Carmichaelia

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids I
Ordo: Fabales

Familia: Fabaceae
Subfamilia: Faboideae
Tribus: Galegeae
Genus: Carmichaelia
Species (sensu Ngā Tipu o Aotearoa): C. appressa – C. arborea – C. astonii – C. australis – C. carmichaeliae – C. compacta – C. corrugata – C. crassicaulis – C. curta – C. exsul – C. glabrescens – C. hollowayii – C. juncea – C. kirkii – C. monroi – C. muritai – C. nana – C. odorata – C. petriei – C. stevensonii – C. torulosa – C. uniflora – C. vexillata – C. williamsii
Nothospecies: C. × hutchinsii
Unresolved: C. muelleriana
Name

Carmichaelia R.Br. Bot. Reg. 11: t. 912. (1825)

Type species: Carmichaelia australis R.Br. Bot. Reg. 11: t. 912. (1825)

Synonyms

Heterotypic
Chordospartium Cheesman (1911)
Corallospartium Armstrong (1881)
Huttonella Kirk (1899)
Notospartium Hook. f. (1857)
× Carmispartium M.D.Griffiths (1992)

Homonyms

Carmichaelia Greville 1827, nom. illeg.

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Australasia
New South Wales, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, Norfolk Is.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Brown, R. 1825. Botanical Register; Consisting of Coloured Figures of Exotic Plants Cultivated in British Gardens; accompanied by their History, best Method of Treatment in Cultivation, Propagation. London 11: t. 912.

Additional references

De Lange, P.J., Norton, D.A., Courtney, S.P., Heenan, P.B., Barkla, J.W., Cameron, E.K., Hitchmough, R. & Townsend, A.J. 2009. Threatened and uncommon plants of New Zealand (2008 revision) New Zealand Journal of Botany 47(1): 61-96. DOI: 10.1080/00288250909509794 Open access Reference page.
Heenan, P.B. 1995. A taxonomic revision of Carmichaelia (Fabaceae — Galegeae) in New Zealand (part I) New Zealand journal of botany 33(4): 455–475. DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.1995.10410618 Open access. Reference page.
Heenan, P.B. 1996. A taxonomic revision of Carmichaelia (Fabaceae — Galegeae) in New Zealand (part II) New Zealand journal of botany 34(2): 157–177. DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.1996.10410680 Open access. Reference page.
Heenan, P.B. 1998. An emended circumscription of Carmichaelia, with new combinations, a key, and notes on hybrids New Zealand Journal of Botany 36(1): 53–63. DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.1998.9512546 Open access Reference page.
Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd 2014. Ngā Tipu Aotearoa – New Zealand Plants, Carmichaelia. Available on line. Accessed 2016 Oct. 18.
Wagstaff, S.J., Heenan, P.B. & Sanderson, M.J. 1999. Classification, origins, and patterns of diversification in New Zealand Carmichaelinae (Fabaceae). American Journal of Botany 86(9): 1346-1356. JSTOR Full text PDF Reference page. Accessed 18 Mar. 2014. Subsumes Chordospartium, Corallospartium and Notospartium into Carmichaelia on phylogenetic grounds.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2020. Carmichaelia in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2020 Dec 28. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2020. Carmichaelia. Published online. Accessed: Dec 28 2020.
Tropicos.org 2020. Carmichaelia. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2020 Dec 28.
Catalogue of Life: 2020 Annual Checklist

Vernacular names
English: New Zealand Broom
Māori: Neinei, Tarangahape, Tawao

Carmichaelia (New Zealand brooms) is a genus of 24 plant species belonging to Fabaceae, the legume family. All but one species are native to New Zealand; the exception, Carmichaelia exsul, is native to Lord Howe Island and presumably dispersed there from New Zealand.[3]

The formerly recognised genera Chordospartium, Corallospartium, Notospartium and Huttonella are now all included in Carmichaelia.[4][5] The genera Carmichaelia, Clianthus (kakabeak), Montigena (scree pea) and Swainsona comprise the clade Carmichaelinae.[3] Carmichaelia is named after Captain Dugald Carmichael, a Scottish army officer and botanist who studied New Zealand plants.[5][2]

Carmichaelia ranges in form from trees to prostrate species a few centimetres high.[5] Mature plants are usually leafless, their leaves replaced by stipules which have fused into scales.[4]

Carmichaelia species are found throughout New Zealand, although the eastern South Island has 15 species endemic to it. Most species have a restricted range within New Zealand. They colonise disturbed ground in shallow, poor soils, drought- and frost-prone areas, and alluvial soils.[3][6]

The New Zealand brooms are not closely related to the European common broom Cytisus scoparius. Common broom has been introduced to New Zealand, where it is sometimes known as Scotch broom to distinguish it from native species and is classed as a noxious weed because of its invasiveness.[7]
Species
C. arborea leaves
C. arborea fruit

Carmichaelia includes the following species:[4][8]

Carmichaelia aligera G. Simpson – North Island broom; common throughout the northern part of the North Island.
Carmichaelia angustata Kirk – leafy broom
Carmichaelia appressa G.Simpson
Carmichaelia arborea (G.Forst.) Druce – South Island broom
Carmichaelia arenaria G. Simpson
Carmichaelia astonii G.Simpson
Carmichaelia australis R.Br.
Carmichaelia carmichaeliae (Hook.f.) Heenan
Carmichaelia compacta Petrie
Carmichaelia corrugata Colenso
Carmichaelia crassicaulis Hook.f. – coral broom; occurs in arid, stony ground on the eastern side of the Southern Alps, growing up to an altitude of 1300 m.
Carmichaelia cunninghamii Raoul
Carmichaelia curta Petrie
Carmichaelia egmontiana (Cockayne & Allan) G. Simpson
Carmichaelia enysii – dwarf broom; forms low clumps not more than a few centimetres high. Found south of Arthur's Pass. (Both NZPCN and Plants of the World Online treat it as a synonym of C. nana.)
Carmichaelia exsul F.Muell
Carmichaelia fieldii Cockayne (Treated as synonym of C. juncea by Plants of the World Online.)
Carmichaelia flagelliformis Hook. – whip broom; the stems are rounded, thin and whippy. Found from the East Cape southwards.
Carmichaelia floribunda G. Simpson
Carmichaelia glabrata G. Simpson
Carmichaelia glabrescens (Petrie) Heenan – pink broom; grows up to 10 m high. It is restricted to growing at altitude in the Marlborough region of the South Island.
Carmichaelia grandiflora – large-flowered broom; found only on the West Coast of the South Island.
Carmichaelia hollowayi G.Simpson
Carmichaelia hookeri Kirk
Carmichaelia × hutchinsii (M.D.Griffiths) Heenan
Carmichaelia juncea Hook.f.
Carmichaelia kirkii Hook.f.
Carmichaelia lacustris G. Simpson
Carmichaelia monroi Hook.f.
Carmichaelia muritai (A.W.Purdie) Heenan
Carmichaelia nana (Hook.f.) Hook.f.
Carmichaelia nigrans G. Simpson
Carmichaelia odorata Benth. – scented broom
Carmichaelia orbiculata Colenso
Carmichaelia ovata G. Simpson
Carmichaelia petriei Kirk
Carmichaelia prona Kirk
Carmichaelia ramosa G. Simpson
Carmichaelia rivulata G. Simpson
Carmichaelia robusta Kirk
Carmichaelia silvatica G. Simpson
Carmichaelia solandri G. Simpson
Carmichaelia stevensonii (Cheeseman) Heenan – weeping broom, tree broom; a distinctive tree, growing up to 9 m high. It occurs only at altitude in the northeast corner of the South Island, particularly along the Clarence River and the Awatere River.
Carmichaelia suteri Colenso
Carmichaelia torulosa (Kirk) Heenan
Carmichaelia uniflora Kirk
Carmichaelia uniflora Kirk
Carmichaelia violacea Kirk
Carmichaelia virgata Kirk (Synonym of C. petriei Kirk according to Plants of the World Online)[9]
Carmichaelia williamsii Kirk – giant-flowered broom; found in coastal regions of the Bay of Plenty and East Cape.
Carmichaelia vexillata Heenan

References

Entry in New Zealand Plants database, Landcare Research. Retrieved on 7 April 2006.
Brown, R. (1825) Carmichaelia australis. South-Sea Carmichaelia. The Botanical Register: Consisting of Coloured Figures of Exotic Plants, Cultivated in British Gardens; with their History and Mode of Treatment 11: 912, 912.
Wagstaff, Steven J.; Peter B. Heenan; Michael J. Sanderson (1999). "Classification, origins, and patterns of diversification in New Zealand Carmichaelia (Fabaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 86 (9): 1346–1356. doi:10.2307/2656781. JSTOR 2656781. PMID 10487821.
Heenan, P. B. (1998). "An emended circumscription of Carmichaelia, with new combinations, a key, and notes on hybrids" New Zealand Journal of Botany. 36 (1): 53–63. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1998.9512546.
"Taxonomy of New Zealand native legumes". 2008-07-19. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
Weir, Bevan (2006). Systematics, Specificity, and Ecology of New Zealand Rhizobia (Ph.D. thesis). University of Auckland. hdl:2292/394.
Massey University. "Broom". Massey University Weeds Database. Retrieved 2018-02-14.
ILDIS species list for Carmichaelia
"Carmichaelia virgata Kirk | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2019-12-08.