Camassia cusickii

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Ordo: Asparagales

Familia: Asparagaceae
Subfamilia: Agavoideae
Genus: Camassia
Species: Camassia cusickii
Name

Camassia cusickii S.Watson (1887)
Synonyms

Homotypic
Quamasia cusickii S.Watson. 1887.

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Northern America
Regional: Southwestern USA
Idaho; Oregon

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References

Watson, S. 1887: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 22: 479.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. [1]

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2019. Camassia cusickii in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 Jan. 07. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2019. Camassia cusickii. Published online. Accessed: Jan. 07 2019.
The Plant List 2013. Camassia cusickii in The Plant List Version 1.1. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 Jan. 07.
Tropicos.org 2019. Camassia cusickii. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 Jan. 07.

Vernacular names
English: Cusick's camas

Camassia cusickii, common name Cussick's camas, is a species of plant in the family Asparagaceae (subfamily Agavoideae). It is native to parts of North America. C. cusickii originally appeared in horticultural journals in the late 1800s, but they been sold and cultivated for about thirty years.[1] This plant family is not studied intensely. Seven or eight species exist in the wild, however, only three are talked about and cultivated.[2]

Description

The Camassia cusickii has linear leaves with parallel venation and flowers in parts of three. The flowers are usually ice blue or baby blue in color, although they can be various shades of blue, cream, and white. The flowers are slightly zygomorphic with the tepals withering separately after anthesis (baby blue in color). C. cusickii has yellow anthers and a fruiting pedicel incurving-erect or slightly spreading. The capsules are not deciduous, light brown in color, having an ovoid or ellipsoid shape.[3] The flowers in the wild have a deeper, darker hue compared to their garden forms tending to be a lighter blue color.[4]

Distribution

Although scattered from coast to coast Camassia cusickii is more abundant in the northwestern states, specifically Oregon and Idaho.[5] It is commonly found in the Canadian Life Zone and prefers damp meadows. Stations have been located in the Eagle Creek Mountains, Powder River Mountains, and Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon. C. cusickii is a federal 3c Bureau of Land Management Sensitive Species and 'Idaho Native Plant Society Sensitive Species.'[6] This species spreads over Eastern Oregon in a variety of the local climates, from Mount Hebo on the North Coast, to the isolated area of the Hell's Canyon overlook.[7][8]

Habitat and ecology

A native to North America, the Camassia cusickii tolerates damp meadows at subalpine and alpine elevations (4,000–6,000 feet (1,200–1,800 m)) and tolerates pond edges, rich soils, and bloom well in either sun or shade. C. cusickii generally blooms in May.[9] Cusick's camas self-seed and germinate easily, as long as they find rich, moist, and well-drained soil.[10]

Morphology
Camassia cusickii

C. cusickii grows from a bulb and has long basal leaves with parallel venation. The flowers are in parts of threes and the petals, which are usually of a pale blue, are long and slim. The flowers appear as a raceme on top of a long (up to 30 inches (760 mm)) stem. There can be 100 flowers in a raceme. The bulb formed by C. cusickii has a bulb two or three times the size of the bulb in other species of this genus.[11] However, despite the bulb size it is not the tallest of the species (the tallest being Camassia leichtlinii).[12] The evolutionary path and species' variability within the genus Camassia have not been thoroughly studied, partly due to the fact that they have likely been influenced by "hybridization and geographic isolation" in North America.[13] It is thought that C. cusickii could be a recent mutant from C. quamash.[14]

Food

This plant was not used as a food source for Native Americans. The large root of this relative of Camassia is pungent, slimy, and bitter tasting.[15] This bitter taste is due to steroidal saponins within the plant.[16] These saponins found in the bulbs of C. cusickii are being isolated and used in multiple studies helping to provide a point of reference for further studies on plant saponins.[17][18] C. cusickii is commonly confused with its near sister relative the C. quamash, which Native Americans would harvest the roots to consume as raw vegetables, or they boiled them to create a "sweet, molasses-like treat."[19]

Culture

C. cusickii prefers fertile moist soil, but well drained humus rich soil that does not become over saturated with water.[20] The bulbs are usually planted 6 inches (150 mm) deep in late summer or early fall, but later planting can also be successful. In very cold areas, the soil should be mulched to protect the bulbs in late autumn. Camassias can be propagated by removing the offsets that have formed round the main bulbs and replanting them individually; do this in summer when they are dormant.[21] Sweet William and Peonies offer as good companions to the C. cusickii. They can be planted in flower beds, borders, rock gardens, and also be planted as cut flowers. This plant thrives among perennials.[2] C. cusickii can naturalize and serve as ground cover.[1] C. cusickii is generally resistant to deer and rodents.[22]
Camassia cusickii in the wild in South West Idaho
Naming Origin

Camassia cusickii

The botanical name is derived from Native American words for this plant, 'quamash,' even though this plant was only a sister plant to the actual plant that was eaten.[23] On the flower there is also a very attractive darker blue selection, 'Zwanenburg', which is named after the place in Haarlem where the famous van Tubergen bulb nursery was based for many years.[21] The botanist Sereno Watson is credited with naming this plant, most likely when we was collecting species during the "U.S. Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel" from 1867-1871.[24] The species was first formally published by Watson in "Notes and Notices of New or Little Known Plants" in 1888,[25] in the Journal Garden and Forest.[26] C. cusickii is sometimes confused with wild hyacinth, however, it is the close relative, Camassia scilloides, that is considered the wild hyacinth according to botanists.[27]
References

"Camassia cusickii". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 2004-11-13. ProQuest 402505686.
"Camassia cusickii". Bulbs.
"Camassia cusickii in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
"Camassias; Bulb of the Month". The Times (London, England). 2004-06-26. Retrieved 2018-03-20.
"Plants Profile for Camassia cusickii (Cusick's camas)". plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
Mancuso, Moseley, Michael, Robert K. (1993). "REPORT ON THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF HAPLOPAPPUS RADIATUS IN IDAHO". Conservation Data Center Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program.
Kephart, Susan. "Camas". The Oregon Encyclopedia.
"Pacific Northwest Region Viewing Area". United States Department of Agriculture: Forest Service.
Brown, Charlotte (1872). Gardens to color and individual gardens. New York, Knickerbocker Press, 1917.
Wiley, L. (1968). Rare Wild Flowers in North America. pp. 47–51.
Kruckeberg, Arthur R (Oct 1, 2001). Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest: Second Edition. University of Washington Press.
Hawthorne, Linden (2009). Gardening with Shape, Line and Texture: A Plant Design Sourcebook. Timber Press.
Culley, Leng, Kephart, Cartieri, Theiss, Theresa M, Ju-Fang, Susan R., Francis J., Kathryn E. "Development of 16 microsatellite markers within the Camassia (Agavaceae) species complex and amplification in related taxa". Applications in Plant Sciences.
Gould, Frank W. "A Systematic Treatment of the Genus Camassia Lindl". The American Midland Naturalist. 28 – via The University of Notre Dame.
"CUSICK'S CAMAS (CAMASSIA CUSICKII)". summitpost.org.
Mimaki; Sashida; Kawashima (1991). "Steroidal saponins from the bulbs of Camassia cusickii". Phytochemistry. 30 (11): 3721–3727. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(91)80098-L. PMID 1367840.
Challinora and De Voss, Victoria L. and James J. "Open-chain steroidal glycosides, a diverse class of plant saponins". Natural Product Reports.
Lee, CL; Hwang, TL; Yang, JC; Cheng, HT; He, WJ; Yen, CT; Kuo, CL; Chen, CJ; Chang, WY; Wu, YC (2014). "Anti-Inflammatory Spirostanol and Furostanol Saponins from Solanum macaonense". Journal of Natural Products. 77 (8): 1770–1783. doi:10.1021/np500057b. PMID 25036668.
"Camassia Planting Guide". Easy to Grow Bulbs.
"Camassia Cusickii Zwanenburg". Peter Nyssen Flower Bulbs and Plants.
Buchan, Ursula (2008-05-15). "Camassia: How to grow". Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
"CAMASS". Southern Living.
Tenenbaum, Frances (2003). Taylor's Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 69.
"U.S. Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel - Clarence King". Smithsonian Museum of Natural History.
Watson, Sereno (1888). "Notes, and Notices of new or little known Plants". Garden and Forest. 1.
Brewer, William (1903). Biographical Memoir of Sereno Watson 1820-1892. Read before the National Academy of Sciences.
"Camassia scilloides (Wild Hyacinth) Liliaceae". www.lakeforest.edu. Retrieved 2018-04-08.