Calanthe

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Ordo: Asparagales

Familia: Orchidaceae
Subfamilia: Epidendroideae
Tribus: Collabieae
Genus: Calanthe
Overview of species (217)
a

C. abbreviata – C. aceras – C. alba – C. albolutea – C. alismifolia – C. alleizettei – C. alpina – C. alta – C. angustifolia – C. aquamarina – C. arcuata – C. arfakana – C. argenteostriata – C. arisanensis – C. aristulifera – C. aruank – C. aurantiaca – C. aureiflora
b

C. balansae – C. baliensis – C. beamanii – C. beleensis – C. bicalcarata – C. biloba – C. bingtaoi – C. bivalvis – C. brassii – C. brevicornu – C. burkei
c

C. calanthoides – C. camptoceras – C. cardioglossa – C. carrii – C. caulescens – C. caulodes – C. ceciliae – C. celebica – C. chevalieri – C. chloroleuca – C. chrysoglossoides – C. clavata – C. clavicalcar – C. claytonii – C. coiloglossa – C. conspicua – C. coodei – C. cootesii – C. cremeoviridis – C. crenulata – C. crispifolia – C. cruciata – C. crumenata – C. crystallina – C. curvatoascendens
d

C. davaensis – C. davidii – C. daymanensis – C. delavayi – C. densiflora – C. devogelii – C. discolor – C. dulongensis – C. duyana
e

C. ecallosa – C. ecarinata – C. emeishanica – C. engleriana – C. epiphytica
f

C. fargesii – C. finisterrae – C. fissa – C. flava – C. floresana – C. forbesii – C. formosana – C. fragrans – C. fugongensis
g

C. geelvinkensis – C. gibbsiae – C. goodenoughiana – C. graciliflora – C. graciliscapa – C. griffithii
h

C. habbemensis – C. halconensis – C. hancockii – C. hattorii – C. henryi – C. herbacea – C. himalaicum – C. hirsuta – C. hololeuca – C. hoshii – C. hyacinthina
i

C. imthurnii – C. inflata – C. insularis – C. izu-insularis
j

C. johorensis – C. judithiae – C. jusnerii
k

C. kaniensis – C. kemulensis – C. kermodei – C. keshabii – C. kinabaluensis
l

C. labrosa – C. lacerata – C. lambii – C. lamellosa – C. lancilabris – C. lechangensis – C. leonidii – C. leucosceptrum – C. leuseri – C. ligo – C. limprichtii – C. longgangensis – C. longibracteata – C. longifolia – C. lyroglossa
m

C. madagascariensis – C. mannii – C. maquilingensis – C. masuca – C. maxii – C. mcgregorii – C. metoensis – C. micrantha – C. microglossa – C. millikenii – C. millotae – C. mindorensis – C. moluccensis – C. monophylla – C. musa-amanii
n

C. nankunensis – C. nguyenthinhii – C. nicolae – C. nipponica – C. nivalis
o

C. obreniformis – C. odora – C. okinawensis – C. oreadum – C. otuhanica – C. ovalifolia – C. ovata
p

C. parvilabris – C. pauciverrucosa – C. pavairiensis – C. perrottetii – C. petelotiana – C. plantaginea – C. poiformis – C. polyantha – C. puberula – C. pulchra – C. pullei – C. punctata
r

C. reflexilabris – C. rhodochila – C. rigida – C. rosea – C. rubens – C. rubra – C. ruttenii
s

C. saccata – C. sacculata – C. salaccensis – C. sandsii – C. scaposa – C. secunda – C. seranica – C. siargaoensis – C. simplex – C. sinica – C. solomonensis – C. spathoglottoides – C. speciosa – C. stella – C. striata – C. succedanea – C. sylvatica
t

C. taenioides – C. tahitensis – C. taibaishanensis – C. takeuchii – C. tenuis – C. torricellensis – C. transiens – C. tricarinata – C. trifida – C. triplicata – C. trulliformis – C. truncata – C. truncicola – C. tsoongiana
u

C. uncata – C. undulata – C. unifolia
v

C. velutina – C. ventilabrum – C. versteegii – C. vestita – C. villosa
w

C. wenshanensis – C. whistleri – C. whiteana – C. womersleyi – C. woodii – C. wuxiensis
y

C. yaoshanensis – C. yueana – C. yuksomnensis
z

C. zollingeri
Nothospecies: (7)

C. × albolilacina – C. × dominyi – C. × hsinchuensis – C. × porphyrea – C. × sibuyanense – C. × subhamata – C. × varians
Species: C. austrokiusiuensis - C. calanthoides - C. discolor - C. engleriana - C. plantaginea - C. rubens - C. sieboldii - C. striata - C. sylvatica - C. torifera - C. tricarinata - C. vestita

Name

Calanthe R.Br., Bot. Reg. 7: t. 573 (1821), nom. cons.

Type species: Calanthe triplicata (Willemet) Ames, Philipp. J. Sci., C 2: 326 (1907)

Synonymy

Heterotypic
Alismorkis Thouars, Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 19: 318 (1809)
Alismorchis Thouars, Hist. Orchid.: t. 35 (1822), orth. var.
Centrosis Sw. ex Thouars, Hist. Orchid.: t. 35 (1822), nom. superfl.
Amblyglottis Blume, Bijdr.: 369 (1825).
Zoduba Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 30 (1825)
Centrosia A.Rich., Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 4: 39 (1828)
Styloglossum Breda, Gen. Sp. Orchid. Asclep. 2: t. 7 (1829)
Zeduba Ham. ex Meisn., Pl. Vasc. Gen.: 280 (1842)
Ghiesbreghtia A.Rich. & Galeotti, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., III, 3: 28 (1845)
Preptanthe Rchb.f., Fl. Serres Jard. Eur. 8: 245 (1853)
Calanthidium Pfitzer in H.G.A.Engler & K.A.E.Prantl (eds.), Nat. Pflanzenfam. 2(6): 153 (1888)
Aulostylis Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 1: 392 (1912)
Paracalanthe Kudô, J. Soc. Trop. Agric. 2: 235 (1930)

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Africa
West Tropical Africa
Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierre Leone,.
West-Central Tropical Africa
Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gulf of Guinea Islands, Rwanda, Zaïre.
East Tropical Africa
Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda.
South Tropical Africa
Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
Southern Africa
Cape Provinces, KwaZulu-Natal, Swaziland, Northern Provinces.
Western Indian Ocean
Comoros, Mauritius, Madagascar, Réunion, Seychelles.
Asia-Temperate
China
China South-Central, Hainan, China North-Central, China Southeast, Tibet.
Eastern Asia
Japan, Korea, Kazan-retto, Nansei-shoto, Ogasawara-shoto, Taiwan.
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
Assam, Bangladesh, East Himalaya, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, West Himalaya.
Indo-China
Andaman Islands, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam.
Malesia
Borneo, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Islands, Peninsular Malaysia, Maluku, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatera.
Papuasia
Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands.
Australasia
Australia
Norfolk Islands, New South Wales, Queensland.
Pacific
Southwestern Pacific
Fiji, New Caledonia, Samoa, Santa Cruz Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis-Futuna Islands.
South-Central Pacific
Marquesas, Society Islands, Tubuai Islands.
Northwestern Pacific
Caroline Islands, Marianas.
Northern America
Mexico
Mexico Central, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Southwest, Mexico Southeast.
Southern America
Central America
Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama.
Caribbean
Cuba, Dominican Republic, Jamaica.
Western South America
Colombia.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Brown, R. 1821. Botanical Register, 7: t 573.
Kurzweil, H. 2010. A precursory study of the Calanthe group (Orchidaceae) in Thailand. Adansonia, III, 32: 57–107.
Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.W. & Rasmussen, F.N. (eds.) 2006. Genera Orchidacearum Volume 4 Epidendroideae (Part one); page 122 ff., Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850712-7. Reference page.

Links

'eFloras 2009. Calanthe in Flora of China vol. 25 Orchidaceae --> pdf Calanthe
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 2021. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset. Taxon: Calanthe. Accessed: 2021 Mar 30.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Calanthe in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Mar 30. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Calanthe in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Mar 30. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2021. Calanthe. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2021. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Mar 30. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2021. Calanthe. Published online. Accessed: 30 Mar 2021.
Tropicos.org 2021. Calanthe. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Mar 30.

Vernacular names

suomi: Heidinkämmekät
日本語: エビネ属
перем коми: Каланте
коми: Каланте
lietuvių: Kalantė
олык марий: Каланте
кырык мары: Каланте
удмурт: Каланте
Tiếng Việt: Chi Kiều lan
中文: 蝦脊蘭屬

Calanthe, commonly known as Christmas orchids,[2] is a genus of about 220 species of orchids in the family Orchidaceae. They are evergreen or deciduous terrestrial plants with thick roots, small oval pseudobulbs, large corrugated leaves and upright, sometimes arching flowering stems. The sepals and petals are narrow and a similar size to each other and the labellum usually has spreading lobes.

Description

Orchids in the genus Calanthe are terrestrial with small, crowded pseudobulbs with thick roots and a few corrugated or wrinkled leaves with the base tapering to a petiole-like stalk. Some species are evergreen while others are deciduous. The flowers are delicate but showy, white, pink, yellow or orange and crowded near the end of an erect, sometimes arching flowering stem. The sepals and petals are relatively narrow, similar in size and spread widely. The labellum has three or four spreading lobes and in most species there is a spur at the base. Unlike similar orchids, the labellum of Calanthe orchids is fused to the column.[2][3][4][5][6][7]

Taxonomy and naming

The genus Calanthe was first formally described in 1821 by Robert Brown and his manuscript was published in The Botanical Register.[1][8] The name Calanthe is derived from the Ancient Greek words kallos meaning "beauty"[9]: 131  and anthos meaning "flower".[9]: 94 

Distribution and habitat

Calanthe species are found in all tropical areas, but mostly concentrated in Southeast Asia. Some species also range into subtropical and tropical lands such as China, India, Madagascar, Australia, Mexico, Central America, the West Indies and various islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans.[1]
List of species

The following is a list of species of Calanthe recognised by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families as at August 2018:[1]

Calanthe abbreviata (Blume) Lindl.
Calanthe aceras Schltr. in K.M.Schumann & C.A.G.Lauterbach
Calanthe alba W.Suarez & Cootes
Calanthe albolutea Ridl.
Calanthe alismifolia Lindl.
Calanthe alleizettei Gagnep.
Calanthe alpina Hook.f. ex Lindl.
Calanthe alta Rchb.f.
Calanthe angustifolia (Blume) Lindl.
Calanthe aquamarina Schuit. & de Vogel
Calanthe arcuata Rolfe
Calanthe arfakana J.J.Sm.
Calanthe argenteostriata C.Z.Tang & S.J.Cheng
Calanthe arisanensis Hayata
Calanthe aristulifera Rchb.f.
Calanthe aruank P.Royen
Calanthe aurantiaca Ridl.
Calanthe aureiflora J.J.Sm.
Calanthe balansae Finet
Calanthe baliensis J.J.Wood & J.B.Comber
Calanthe beamanii P.J.Cribb
Calanthe beleensis Ormerod & P.J.Cribb
Calanthe bicalcarata J.J.Sm.
Calanthe biloba Lindl.
Calanthe bingtaoi J.W.Zhai, L.J.Chen & Z.J.Liu
Calanthe bivalvis P.J.Cribb & Ormerod
Calanthe brassii Ormerod
Calanthe brevicornu Lindl.
Calanthe burkei P.J.Cribb
Calanthe calanthoides (A.Rich. & Galeotti) Hamer & Garay in F.Hamer
Calanthe camptoceras Schltr.
Calanthe cardioglossa Schltr.
Calanthe carrii Govaerts
Calanthe caulescens J.J.Sm.
Calanthe caulodes J.J.Sm.
Calanthe ceciliae Rchb.f.
Calanthe celebica Rolfe
Calanthe chevalieri Gagnep.
Calanthe chloroleuca Lindl.
Calanthe chrysoglossoides J.J.Sm.
Calanthe clavata Lindl.
Calanthe clavicalcar J.J.Sm.
Calanthe claytonii P.J.Cribb
Calanthe coiloglossa Schltr. in K.M.Schumann & C.A.G.Lauterbach
Calanthe conspicua Lindl.
Calanthe coodei P.J.Cribb
Calanthe cootesii Naive
Calanthe coreana Nakai – Korean calanthe[10]
Calanthe cremeoviridis J.J.Wood
Calanthe crenulata J.J.Sm.
Calanthe crispifolia Ormerod
Calanthe cruciata Schltr.
Calanthe crumenata Ridl.
Calanthe crystallina P.J.Cribb
Calanthe davaensis Ames
Calanthe davidii Franch.
Calanthe daymanensis Ormerod & P.J.Cribb
Calanthe delavayi Finet
Calanthe densiflora Lindl.
Calanthe devogelii P.J.Cribb & D.A.Clayton
Calanthe discolor Lindl.
Calanthe dulongensis H.Li, R.Li & Z.L.Dao
Calanthe duyana Aver.
Calanthe ecallosa J.J.Sm.
Calanthe ecarinata Rolfe ex Hemsl.
Calanthe emeishanica K.Y.Lang & Z.H.Tsi
Calanthe engleriana Kraenzl. in K.M.Schumann & C.A.G.Lauterbach
Calanthe epiphytica Carr
Calanthe fargesii Finet
Calanthe finisterrae Schltr.
Calanthe fissa L.O.Williams
Calanthe flava (Blume) C.Morren
Calanthe floresana P.J.Cribb
Calanthe forbesii Ridl.
Calanthe formosana Rolfe
Calanthe fragrans P.Royen
Calanthe fugongensis X.H.Jin & S.C.Chen
Calanthe geelvinkensis J.J.Sm.
Calanthe gibbsiae Rolfe
Calanthe goodenoughiana Ormerod & P.J.Cribb
Calanthe graciliflora Hayata
Calanthe graciliscapa Schltr.
Calanthe griffithii Lindl.
Calanthe habbemensis Ormerod & P.J.Cribb
Calanthe halconensis Ames
Calanthe hancockii Rolfe
Calanthe hattorii Schltr.
Calanthe henryi Rolfe
Calanthe herbacea Lindl.
Calanthe hirsuta Seidenf.
Calanthe hololeuca Rchb.f. in B.Seemann
Calanthe hoshii S.Kobay.
Calanthe hyacinthina Schltr.
Calanthe imthurnii Kores
Calanthe inflata Schltr.
Calanthe insularis S.H.Oh, H.J.Suh & C.W.Park
Calanthe izu-insularis (Satomi) Ohwi & Satomi in J.Ohwi
Calanthe johorensis Holttum
Calanthe judithiae P.J.Cribb
Calanthe jusnerii Boxall ex Náves in F.M.Blanco
Calanthe kaniensis Schltr.
Calanthe kemulensis J.J.Sm.
Calanthe keshabii Lucksom
Calanthe kinabaluensis Rolfe
Calanthe labrosa (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f.
Calanthe lacerata Ames
Calanthe lambii P.J.Cribb
Calanthe lamellosa Rolfe
Calanthe lancilabris Ormerod & P.J.Cribb
Calanthe lechangensis Z.H.Tsi & Tang
Calanthe leonidii P.J.Cribb & D.A.Clayton
Calanthe leucosceptrum Schltr.
Calanthe leuseri P.J.Cribb
Calanthe ligo P.J.Cribb
Calanthe limprichtii Schltr.
Calanthe longgangensis Y.S.Huang & Yan Liu
Calanthe longibracteata Ridl.
Calanthe longifolia Schltr.
Calanthe lyroglossa Rchb.f.
Calanthe madagascariensis Rolfe ex Hook.f.
Calanthe mannii Hook.f.
Calanthe maquilingensis Ames
Calanthe masuca (D.Don) Lindl.
Calanthe maxii P.O'Byrne
Calanthe mcgregorii Ames
Calanthe metoensis Z.H.Tsi & K.Y.Lang
Calanthe micrantha Schltr.
Calanthe microglossa Ridl.
Calanthe millikenii P.J.Cribb
Calanthe millotae Ursch & Genoud ex Bosser
Calanthe mindorensis Ames, Philipp. J. Sci.
Calanthe moluccensis J.J.Sm.
Calanthe monophylla Ridl.
Calanthe muelleri Kraenzl.
Calanthe musa-amanii J.J.Wood
Calanthe nankunensis Z.H.Tsi
Calanthe nicolae P.O'Byrne
Calanthe nipponica Makino
Calanthe nivalis Boxall ex Náves in F.M.Blanco
Calanthe obreniformis J.J.Sm.
Calanthe odora Griff.
Calanthe okinawensis Hayata
Calanthe oreadum Rendle
Calanthe otuhanica C.L.Chan & T.J.Barkman
Calanthe ovalifolia Ridl.
Calanthe ovata Ridl.
Calanthe papuana (Schltr.) J.J.Sm.
Calanthe parvilabris Schltr. in K.M.Schumann & C.A.G.Lauterbach
Calanthe pauciverrucosa J.J.Sm.
Calanthe pavairiensis Ormerod
Calanthe perrottetii A.Rich.
Calanthe petelotiana Gagnep.
Calanthe plantaginea Lindl.
Calanthe poiformis P.J.Cribb & Ormerod
Calanthe polyantha Gilli, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien
Calanthe puberula Lindl.
Calanthe pulchra (Blume) Lindl.
Calanthe pullei J.J.Sm.
Calanthe punctata Kurzweil
Calanthe purpurea Lindl.
Calanthe reflexilabris J.J.Sm.
Calanthe rhodochila Schltr. in K.M.Schumann & C.A.G.Lauterbach
Calanthe rigida Carr
Calanthe rosea (Lindl.) Benth.
Calanthe rubens Ridl.
Calanthe rubra S.H.Oh, H.J.Suh & C.W.Park
Calanthe ruttenii J.J.Sm.
Calanthe saccata J.J.Sm.
Calanthe sacculata Schltr.
Calanthe salaccensis J.J.Sm.
Calanthe sandsii P.J.Cribb
Calanthe scaposa Z.H.Tsi & K.Y.Lang
Calanthe secunda P.J.Cribb
Calanthe seranica J.J.Sm.
Calanthe simplex Seidenf.
Calanthe sinica Z.H.Tsi
Calanthe solomonensis P.J.Cribb & D.A.Clayton
Calanthe spathoglottoides Schltr.
Calanthe speciosa (Blume) Lindl.
Calanthe stella P.J.Cribb
Calanthe striata R.Br. ex Spreng.
Calanthe succedanea Gagnep.
Calanthe sylvatica (Thouars) Lindl.
Calanthe taenioides J.J.Sm.
Calanthe tahitensis Nadeaud
Calanthe takeuchii Ormerod & P.J.Cribb
Calanthe tenuis Ames & C.Schweinf. in O.Ames
Calanthe torricellensis Schltr. in K.M.Schumann & C.A.G.Lauterbach
Calanthe transiens J.J.Sm.
Calanthe tricarinata Lindl.
Calanthe trifida Tang & F.T.Wang
Calanthe triplicata (Willemet) Ames
Calanthe trulliformis King & Pantl.
Calanthe truncata J.J.Sm.
Calanthe truncicola Schltr.
Calanthe tsoongiana Tang & F.T.Wang
Calanthe tsoongiana var. guizhouensis Z.H.Tsi
Calanthe uncata Lindl.
Calanthe undulata J.J.Sm.
Calanthe unifolia Ridl.
Calanthe velutina Ridl.
Calanthe ventilabrum Rchb.f. in B.Seemann
Calanthe versteegii J.J.Sm.
Calanthe vestita Wall. ex Lindl.
Calanthe villosa J.J.Sm.
Calanthe wenshanensis J.W.Zhai, L.J.Chen & Z.J.Liu
Calanthe whistleri P.J.Cribb & D.A.Clayton
Calanthe whiteana King & Pantl.
Calanthe womersleyi P.J.Cribb & Ormerod
Calanthe woodii P.J.Cribb
Calanthe yaoshanensis Z.X.Ren & H.Wang
Calanthe yueana Tang & F.T.Wang
Calanthe yuksomnensis Lucksom
Calanthe zollingeri Rchb.f.

Gallery

Calanthe triplicata, the Calanthe type species, from Florida International University

Botanical illustration of Calanthe masuca, from The Orchid Album vol. 8

Calanthe discolor from Shiga prefecture, Japan

Botanical illustration of Calanthe brevicornu from John Lindley's Sertum Orchidaceum

Flowers of Calanthe argenteostriata

Flowers of Calanthe izu-insularis

References

"Calanthe". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Jones, David L. (2006). A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: New Holland. p. 353. ISBN 1877069124.
La Croix, Isobyl F. (2008). The new encyclopedia of orchids : 1500 species in cultivation. Timber Press. p. 78. ISBN 9780881928761.
Sasaki, Sanmi (2005). Chado the Way of Tea: A Japanese Tea Master's Almanac. Translated by Shaun McCabe; Iwasaki Satoko. Tuttle. pp. 195–196. ISBN 978-0-8048-3716-3.
Soon, Teoh Eng (2005). Orchids of Asia (3rdition ed.). Times Editions- Marshall Cavendish. p. 146. ISBN 9812610154.
D.L.Jones; T.Hopley; S.M.Duffy (2010). "Calanthe". Australian Tropical Rainforest Orchids. Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
Chen, Xinqi; Cribb, Phillip J.; Gale, Stephan W. "Calanthe". Flora of China. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
Ridgway, James (1821). The Botanical Register (Volume 7). London: Ridgways. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). The Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 382. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.