Borthwickia

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids II
Ordo: Brassicales

Familia: Resedaceae
Genus: Borthwickia
Species: B. trifoliata
Name

Borthwickia W.W.Sm., Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edin. 24: 175. (1911)

monotypic taxon

References

Smith, W.W. 1911. Transactions and Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh 24: 175.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2019. Borthwickia in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2019 July 23. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2019. Borthwickia. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2019. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2019 July 23. Reference page. Placed in Borthwickiaceae
Govaerts, R. et al. 2019. Borthwickia in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2019 July 23. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2019. Borthwickia. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 23 July 2019.

Borthwickia is genus of flowering plants, containing one species, Borthwickia trifoliata from Yunnan, China and Myanmar.[1] The common name in Chinese is 节蒴木 (jie shuo mu).[2] It is a shrub or small tree with evergreen trifoliate leaves, whitish flowers clustered at the tip of the branches, with many stamens, and thin, knobbly, drooping fruits with many small red seeds.[1]

Description

Borthwickia is a fragrant, evergreen shrub or small tree of 1–6 m (3.3–19.7 ft) high. It has square, light green, later pale yellow branchlets, which are initially covered in dense, short, white hairs, which are lost in the older, cylindrical branches. Leaves are arranged with two on opposite sides of the branchlets, and consist of a usually 5–13 cm (2.0–5.1 in) long leaf stalk and three papery leaflets, each on a stalk of about 1 cm (0.39 in) long. The midveins are raised on the upper surface, flat on the lower surface, where they are also covered in dense white hairs. Each leaflet has seven to nine side veins on each side, and reticulate veinlets in between that are visible from both sides. The top leaflet is usually 8–20 cm (3.1–7.9 in) long and about half as wide. The leaflets at the base are slightly smaller and somewhat asymmetric. Flowers are with several in 8–20 cm (3.1–7.9 in) long racemes at the tip of branchlets, and develop from the base to the tip. The common axis is covered in soft short white hairs, and each flower is set on a 1–1½ cm (0.4–0.6 in) long flower stalk, which is initially in the axil of a 1–1½ cm long narrow bract. The file to eight sepals are whitish in color and fused into a closed tube with short white velvet hair on both surfaces. These split into two lobes when the flower opens, and are quickly shed. The five to eight erect petals are whitish in color and oval to spoon-shaped, 1½–1¾ cm (0.6–0.7 in) long, thick at base and thin at the upper margin, up to half as long as the calyx tube. Both anthers and ovary are set above sepals and petals on a stalk of about ½ cm (0.2 in) long. Sixty to seventy free stamens are 14–20 mm (0.55–0.79 in) long and carry ovate anthers which open with longitudinal slits. Pollen grains are approximately 30 × 22 μm, with three ridges from pole to pole. Nectar is produced by the stalk between the petals and the stamens. The ovary is linear, 1–1½ cm (0.4–0.6 in) long, towards the tip with four to six grooves and ridges, and four to six compartments, in each of which are two rows of ovules attached to the axis at the centre. The stigma at the top is seated and indistinct. The fruit is on a 11–18 mm (0.43–0.71 in) long stalk above the scars of the stamens, and is a drooping, knobbly, angular cylindrical capsule, of 6–9 cm (2.4–3.5 in) long and 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) in diameter, with a 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) long beak at the tip. When ripe, the walls of the fruits are shed in longitudinal strips starting from the base, showing the axis with eight to twelve rows of 2–3 mm (0.079–0.118 in) large, initially red, later red-brown kidney-shaped seeds. The plant can be in flower from April to June, and ripe fruits may be present in August and September.[1][2][3]

Borthwickia differs from the other core Brassicales in having opposite leaves and by having four to six fruit compartments (Tirania consequently has four, all others less).[1]
Taxonomy

Borthwickia trifoliata has been described by the Scottish botanist and horticulturalist William Wright Smith in 1911, who thought it to be closely related to Ritchiea, a member of the caper family.[4] Later authors generally retained it in the caper family.[1][5] It was formerly treated as the sole genus in monotypic flowering plant family Borthwickiaceae. It is now placed in Resedaceae in APG IV (2016).[6] Based on recent DNA-analysis, the genus Borthwickia is an early branch of the reseda family, and based on limited testing, the following tree represent current insights in its relationship.[1]

core Brassicales

Borthwickia trifoliata     all other Resedaceae       family Gyrostemonaceae       family Pentadiplandraceae         family Tovariaceae       family Capparaceae       family Cleomaceae     family Brassicaceae             family Emblingiaceae

 
 
Distribution and habitat

B. trifoliata is an endemic of the South and South-East of Yunnan (China), and northern and north-eastern Myanmar. It grows in humid valleys, ravines and forests.[1] It has also been found in the Lào Cai Province in the very North of Vietnam.[7]
References

Su, Jun-Xia; Wang, Wei; Zhang, Li-Bing; Chen, Zhi-Duan (June 2012). "Phylogenetic placement of two enigmatic genera, Borthwickia and Stixis, based on molecular and pollen data, and the description of a new family of Brassicales, Borthwickiaceae" (PDF). Taxon. 61 (3): 601–611. doi:10.1002/tax.613009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-03. Retrieved 2017-07-03.
"Borthwickia trifoliata". Flora of China. Retrieved 2017-06-29.
van Steenis, C.G.G.J. (1968). "Miscellaneous Botanical Notes XX". Blumea. XVI (2). Retrieved 2017-07-06.
Smith, W.W. (1911). "Borthwickia, A New Genus Of Capparidaceæ". Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. 24 (1–4): 175–176. doi:10.1080/03746601209468957.
"Borthwickia trifoliata". Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 181 (1): 1–20, doi:10.1111/boj.12385
Nguyen The Cuong; Ngo Sy Trai; Sy Danh Thuong (2008). "Borthwickia W.W. Smith (Capparaceae Juss.) A New Genus for the Flora of Vietnam". Tap Chi Sinh Hoc. 30 (4). Retrieved 2017-07-05.