Balsamorhiza

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Campanulids
Ordo: Asterales

Familia: Asteraceae
Subfamilia: Asteroideae
Tribus: Heliantheae
Subtribus: Engelmanniinae
Genus: Balsamorhiza
Species: B. bonseri – B. careyana – B. deltoidea – B. hispidula – B. hookeri – B. incana – B. lanata – B. macrolepis – B. macrophylla – B. rosea – B. sagittata – B. sericea – B. serrata – B. terebinthacea – B. tomentosa
Name

Balsamorhiza Hook. ex Nutt., Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. ser. 2. 7: 349. (1840)

Type species: Balsamorhiza hookeri Nutt., Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, 7: 349. (1840)

References

Nuttall, T. 1840. Descriptions of new species and genera of plants in the natural order of the Compositae, collected in a tour across the continent to the Pacific, a residence in Oregon, and a visit to the Sandwich Islands and upper California, during the years 1834 and 1835. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, held at Philadelphia, for promoting useful knowledge, n.s.[new series][ser. 2], 7: 283–453. BHL Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2018. Balsamorhiza. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2018. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2018 Feb. 03. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2018. Balsamorhiza. Published online. Accessed: Feb. 03 2018.
Tropicos.org 2018. Balsamorhiza. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2018 Feb. 03.

Balsamorhiza[1] is a genus of plants in the sunflower family known commonly as balsamroots.[2][3] These are perennials with fleshy taproots and caudices bearing erect stems and large, basal leaves. Atop the tall stems are showy yellow sunflower-like blooms. Balsamroots are native to western North America (United States and Canada).

Native Americans used the sticky sap of this plant as a topical antiseptic for minor wounds. The entire plant is edible and nutritious, but not necessarily enjoyable because it contains a bitter, strongly pine-scented sap. The large taproots produced by Balsamorhiza sagittata are edible and were harvested, dried, and ground into a starchy flour by Native Americans when other food plants were scarce. The plants' large taproots are reported to be very palatable and far less bitter than the above-ground parts of the plant.[4]

The plant grows on dry hillsides and dry open meadows throughout the Mountain West of North America. The plant can be easily confused with species belonging to the genus Wyethia (Mule's ears); and Wyethia and Balsamorhiza tend to have very similar appearances and flowering habits. Wyethia species are easily distinguished from Balsamorhiza due to their very sharply lanced leaves which lack the fuzzy silver gray appearance of Balsamorhiza species. Balsamorhiza sagittata is the most common and widespread species in the genus within the Mountain West of North America.[4]

Palatable to wildlife and livestock, this is a herb that decreases under grazing. Though once covering much of the arid west in spring, this common forb has become uncommon and even disappeared in some areas like the Snake River Plains. The presence of this plant can be used as an indicator of overall range health—fewer plants and flowers indicate over-utilization of pastures and/or allotments. Hillsides covered with these flowers and perennial bunchgrasses and sagebrush can quickly become wastelands of cheatgrass and tumblemustard if cattle or other stock overgraze, consuming the herb and grass energy reserves again and again until the plants individually die, while crushing their only shade.[5]
Species and nothospecies

There are about 13 species[1] and two nothospecies:[6][7]

Balsamorhiza × bonseri - Washington State
Balsamorhiza careyana - Carey's balsamroot - Washington, Oregon
Balsamorhiza deltoidea - deltoid balsamroot - British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California
Balsamorhiza hispidula - Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Oregon, Nevada, Colorado, Utah, Arizona
Balsamorhiza hookeri - Hooker's balsamroot - Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona
Balsamorhiza incana - hoary balsamroot - Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Oregon, Washington
Balsamorhiza lanata - lanate balsamroot - Oregon, California
Balsamorhiza macrolepis - California balsamroot - California
Balsamorhiza macrophylla - cutleaf balsamroot - Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Oregon, Utah
Balsamorhiza rosea - rosy balsamroot - Washington, Oregon
Balsamorhiza sagittata - arrowleaf balsamroot - British Columbia, Alberta, much of western USA
Balsamorhiza sericea - silky balsamroot - Oregon, California
Balsamorhiza serrata - serrate balsamroot or toothed balsamroot - Nevada, Washington, Oregon, California
Balsamorhiza terebinthacea - Washington, Oregon, California
Balsamorhiza × tomentosa - Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Washington, Oregon

References

Weber, William A. (2006). "Balsamorhiza". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). 21. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
Nuttall, Thomas. 1840. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series 7: 349–351 in English
"Balsamorhiza Hook. ex Nutt.". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden.
Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West, Gregory L. Tilford, ISBN 0-87842-359-1
Tilley, D., St. John, L., and N. Shaw. 2012. Plant Guide for Arrowleaf Balsamroot (Balsamorhiza sagittata). USDA- Natural Resources Conservation Service, Aberdeen Plant Materials Center. Aberdeen, Idaho 83210.
"Balsamorhiza". The Plant List. Missouri Botanical Garden. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
"Balsamorhiza". County-level distribution maps from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.