Artocarpus

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids I
Ordoo: Rosales

Familia: Moraceae
Tribus: Artocarpeae
Genus: Artocarpus
Species: A. altilis – A. anisophyllus – A. blancoi – A. camansi – A. cannonii – A. chama – A. comezianus – A. cummingianus – A. chaplasha – A. elasticus – A. gomezianus – A. heterophyllus – A. hirsutus – A. hypargyreus – A. integer – A. kemando – A. lacucha – A. mariannensis – A. odoratissimus – A. ovatus – A. pomiformis – A. rigidus – A. sarawakensis – A. sericicarpus – A. tamaran – A. tonkinensis
Name

Artocarpus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
Vernacular names
Deutsch: Brotfruchtbäume
English: Bread fruit
suomi: Leipäpuut
magyar: Kenyérfa
italiano: Albero del pane
polski: chlebowiec
中文: 桂木屬

Artocarpus is a genus of approximately 60 trees and shrubs of Southeast Asian and Pacific origin, belonging to the mulberry family, Moraceae. Most species of Artocarpus are restricted to Southeast Asia; a few cultivated species are more widely distributed, especially A. altilis (breadfruit) and A. heterophyllus (jackfruit), which are cultivated throughout the tropics.[1]

Description

All Artocarpus species are laticiferous trees or shrubs that are composed of leaves, twigs and stems capable of producing a milky sap. The flora type is monoecious and produces unisexual flowers; furthermore, both sexes are present within the same plant. The plants produce small, greenish, female flowers that grow on short, fleshy spikes. Following pollination, the flowers grow into a syncarpous fruit, and these are capable of growing into very large sizes. The stipulated leaves vary from small and entire (Artocarpus integer) to large and lobed (Artocarpus altilis), with the cordate leaves of the species A. altilis ending in long, sharp tips.
Taxonomy

The name Artocarpus is derived from the Greek words artos ("bread") and karpos ("fruit"). This name was coined by Johann Reinhold Forster and J. Georg Adam Forster, a father-and-son team of botanists aboard HMS Resolution on James Cook's second voyage; they used it in their book Characteres generum plantarum. It is maintained as a conserved name.
Subgenera

Recent phylogenetic research, based on leaf arrangement, leaf anatomical characters and stipules, indicates that there are at least two subgenera in Artocarpus:

Subgenus Artocarpus: Perianth of fruit is partially connate (fused).
Subgenus Pseudojaca: Perianth is entirely connate.
Subgenus Cauliflori[2]

Subgenus Pseudojaca is allied to the genus Prainea, and some researchers treat this taxon as a fourth subgenus of Artocarpus.
Extant species

Subgenus	Image	Scientific name	Common name	Distribution
Artocarpus		Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg	Breadfruit, Seeded breadfruit, Sukun, Antipolo, Camansi, Anubing	Oceania from New Guinea through the Indo-Malayan Archipelago to western Micronesia
		Artocarpus anisophyllus Miq.	Entawak, Mentawa	Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo
		Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr.		Philippines
		Artocarpus brevipedunculatus (F. M. Jarrett) C. C. Berg		Borneo
		Artocarpus camansi Blanco	Breadnut, Kluwih, Deeball	Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
		Artocarpus corneri Kochummen		Borneo (Sarawak)
		Artocarpus chama Buch.-Ham.	Chaplaish	Yunnan China, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sikkim, Thailand
		Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex Blume	Benda, Bendo, Teureup	Burma, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas
		Artocarpus excelsus Jarrett		Borneo (Sabah)
		Artocarpus hirsutus Lam.	Anjily, WildJack, Jungle Jack, Angelin, Hirsute Artocarpus, Aini Maram, Aini	Western Ghats, India
		Artocarpus hispidus Jarrett		Peninsular Malaysia
		Artocarpus horridus Jarrett		Maluku
		Artocarpus jarrettiae Kochummen		Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak)
		Artocarpus kemando Miq.	Pudau, Pudu	Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo
		Artocarpus lanceifolius Roxb.	Keledang	Indonesia
		Artocarpus lowii King		Peninsula Malaysia to Sumatera
		Artocarpus maingayi King		Borneo
		Artocarpus mariannensis Trécul	Dugdug	Mariana Islands and Guam
		Artocarpus melinoxylus Gagnep.		Vietnam
		Artocarpus multifidus Jarrett		Philippines (Mindanao, Samar)
		Artocarpus nobilis Thwaites	Ceylon breadfruit	south western regions of Sri Lanka
	Philippines Artocarpus odoratissimus 12.jpg" decoding="async" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/8158Marang_Philippines_Artocarpus_odoratissimus_12.jpg/180px-8158Marang_Philippines_Artocarpus_odoratissimus_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/8158Marang_Philippines_Artocarpus_odoratissimus_12.jpg/240px-8158Marang_Philippines_Artocarpus_odoratissimus_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" height="90" width="120" />	Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco	Johey oak, Terap, Marang, Morangbaum	Borneo, Palawan, and Mindanao Island
		Artocarpus obtusus Jarrett		Borneo (Sarawak)
		Artocarpus pinnatisectus Merr.		Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao)
		Artocarpus rigidus Blume	Monkey jackfruit	Indochina and Malesia
		Artocarpus sarawakensis F.M.Jarrett	Pingan, Mountain Terap	Sarawak
		Artocarpus scortechinii King	Two winged Artocarpus, Black Terap	Malaysia
		Artocarpus sepicanus Diels		New Guinea
		Artocarpus sericicarpus F.M.Jarrett	Peluntan, Gumihan, Pedalai, Hairy Terap	Borneo (Sarawak), Malaysia (Sabah), the Philippines and Kalimantan (Indonesia)
		Artocarpus sumatranus Jarrett		Sumatra
		Artocarpus tamaran Becc.	Elephant Jack, Tamaran	Borneo
		Artocarpus teysmannii Miq.		Nicobar Islands, Peninsula Thailand to W. New Guinea
		Artocarpus treculianus Elmer	Togop, Tugup	Philippines
Cauliflori (F.M. Jarrett) Zerega, Supardi, and Motley		Artocarpus annulatus Jarrett		Borneo (Sarawak)
		Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.	Nangka, Langka, Jackfruit	India, South East of Indian Subcontinent, China to Philippines
		Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.	Cempedak	southeast Asia, especially from Malaysia and can be found in, Indonesia to the island of New Guinea
Pseudojaca Trécul		Artocarpus albobrunneus Berg		Borneo (Kalimantan)
		Artocarpus altissimus (Miq.) J. J. Smith		Peninsula Thailand, Sumatra, Borneo (Kalimantan)
		Artocarpus borneensis Merr.	Tampang	Borneo
		Artocarpus dadah Miq.	Dadah, Tampang	Sumatra
		Artocarpus fretessii Teysm. & Binnend.		Eastern Borneo, the Philippines, Sulawesi, the Moluccas and Irian Jaya
		Artocarpus fulvicortex Jarrett		Malaya to Sumatera
		Artocarpus gomezianus Wall. ex Trécul	Sampang	Assam to W. Malesia
		Artocarpus gongshanensis S.K.Wu ex C.Y.Wu & S.S.Chang		NW Yunnan, China
		Artocarpus griffithii (King) Merr.	Beruni, Selanking	Southern China to Sumatra, Singapore and Borneo
		Artocarpus humilis Becc.	Beruni, Selanking	Borneo
		Artocarpus hypargyreus Hance ex Benth.	White Kwai Muk	China
		Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham.	Lakoocha, Monkey fruit	Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia
		Artocarpus lamellosus Blanco	Butong	China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, S Hunan, S Yunnan), Cambodia,, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam
		Artocarpus longifolius Becc.		Borneo
		Artocarpus nanchuanensis S.S.Chang et al.		Chongqing (Nanchuan), China
		Artocarpus nigrifolius C.Y.Wu		S Yunnan (Jinping), China
		Artocarpus ovatus Blanco		Philippines
		Artocarpus parvus Gagnep.	Kwai muk	South-East Asia, China
		Artocarpus petelotii Gagnepain		China (SE Yunnan), N Vietnam
		Artocarpus pithecogallus C.Y.Wu		China (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)
		Artocarpus primackiana Kochummen		Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak)
		Artocarpus reticulatus Miq.		Sulawesi to Maluku
		Artocarpus rubrovenia Warb.	Kalulot	Philippines
		Artocarpus subrotundifolius Elmer		Philippines
		Artocarpus styracifolius Pierre		China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, SW Hunan, SE Yunnan), Laos, Vietnam
		Artocarpus thailandicus C.C.Berg		N Thailand
		Artocarpus tomentosulus Jarrett		NE Borneo
		Artocarpus tonkinensis A.Chev. ex Gagnep.		China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, S Yunnan), Cambodia, N Vietnam
		Artocarpus vrieseanus Miq.		Sulawesi to New Guinea
		Artocarpus xanthocarpus Merr.		Taiwan (Lan Yu),, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Philippines

[3][4][5]

Fossil record

Fossil leaves and fruits of †Artocarpus dicksoni have been found in Cretaceous formations of West Greenland. Fossil leaves of †Artocarpus ordinarius have been found in Cretaceous stratum at the south bank of the Yukon River just above Rampart, Alaska.[6] Fossils of †Artocarpus californica have been described from Eocene and Miocene strata of the Pacific coast of California and Oregon.[7] 8 fossil species of Artocarpus (†A. capellinii, †A. isseli, †A. macrophylla, †A. massalongoi, †A. multinervis, †A. ovalifolia, †A. sismondai and †A. taramellii) from the lower Oligocene, have been described from a fossil leaves collected from 1857 to 1889 in Santa Giustina and Sassello in Central Liguria, Italy.[8]

Uses

Several species in the genus bear edible fruit and are commonly cultivated: Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), Cempedak (Artocarpus integer), Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Kwai Muk (Artocarpus parvus), Lakoocha (Artocarpus lakoocha), Pudau (Artocarpus kemando), Anjily (a.k.a. Jungle Jack) (Artocarpus hirsutus), Chaplaish (Artocarpus chama), and Marang (Artocarpus odoratissimus).

Breadfruit and jackfruit are cultivated widely in the tropical Southeast Asia. Other species are cultivated locally for their timber, fruit or edible seeds. Anjily, A. hirsutus, is grown for fruit and timber in the Western Ghats.

Notes

Zerega, Nyree J. C.; Diane Ragone; Timothy J. Motley (2005). "Systematics and Species Limits of Breadfruit (Artocarpus, Moraceae)" (PDF). Systematic Botany. 30 (3): 603–15. doi:10.1600/03636440yy54782134.
"Species list – Zerega Lab". NUsites – A website publishing platform for Northwestern University. 2013-01-15. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
GRIN. "Species in GRIN for genus Artocarpus". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
"Name – Artocarpus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. subordinate taxa". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
"Query Results for Genus Genus". IPNI. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
The Tertiary floras of Alaska: Issues 181–184 by Charles Arthur Hollick – 1 January 1936 – U.S. Gov't. Print. Off.
The Lower Ecene Floras of Southeastern North America by Edward Wilber Berry, Professional Paper – United States Geological Survey, The Survey, 1916

Oligocene fossil leaves of the Perrando Collection: history, preservation and paleoclimatic meaning by Maria Cristina Bonci, Grazia Vannucci, Simona Tacchino & Michele Piazza – Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 50 (3), 2011, 145–164. Modena, 30 dicembre 2011 – ISSN 0375-7633 – doi:10.4435/BSPI.2011.14

References

Zerega, N. J. C. and T. J. Motley. 2001. Artocarpus (Moraceae) molecular phylogeny and the systematics and origins of breadfruit, Artocarpus altilis. Botanical Society of America Annual Meeting. Albuquerque, NM. August 12–16, 2001.