Acanthophoenix

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Cladus: Commelinids
Ordo: Arecales

Familia: Arecaceae
Subfamilia: Arecoideae
Tribus: Areceae
Subtribus: Oncospermatinae
Genus: Acanthophoenix
Species: A. crinita – A. rousselii – A. rubra
Name

Acanthophoenix H.Wendl., Ann. Gén. Hort. 6: 181 (1866)

Type species: Acanthophoenix rubra (Bory) H.Wendl., Fl. Serres Jard. Paris 2(6): 181 (1866)

References

Wendland, H. (1866) Annales Générales d'Horticulture 16: 181. 1865-1867[1867] BHL
Govaerts, R. et al. 2015. Acanthophoenix in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2015 May 24. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2015. Acanthophoenix. Published online. Accessed: May 24 2015.
Tropicos.org 2015. Acanthophoenix. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2015 May 24.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Acanthophoenix in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 09-Oct-10.

Acanthophoenix is a genus of flowering plants in the palm family from the Mascarene Islands in the Indian Ocean, where they are commonly called palmiste rouge. A genus long in flux, three species are currently recognized, though unsustainable levels of harvesting for their edible palm hearts have brought them all to near extinction in habitat. They are closely related to the Tectiphiala and Deckenia genera, differing in the shape of the staminate flower.[2] The name combines the Greek words for "thorn" and "date palm".[3]

Description
A. rubra inflorescence in bract

The solitary trunks are robust and conspicuously ringed, sparsely armed in youth, with a slightly swollen base. The tubular leaf bases wrap the trunk, forming a 60 – 90 cm crownshaft covered in hairy tomentum and spines. The leaves are pinnate, 2 m long, and borne on a tomentose petiole, sparsely to densely spiny. The leaflets emerge from the hairy rachis in a flat plane, dark green above and lighter below, to 30 cm long, once-folded with a red or yellow, toothed midrib.

The species are monoecious. inflorescence sprouts at the crownshaft base, branched to two orders with a short, winged, tomentose peduncle, colored brown and bearing spines. There is a single peduncular bract, the rachis long, often spiny, bearing ivory to red rachillae. The flowers are spirally arranged on first order rachillae, subtended by triangular bracts, with pairs or single staminate flowers on the tips; the branchlets elongate and become green in fruit.[2]

The staminate flowers are asymmetrical, white to cream to red, the three sepals are short and imbricate, while the three valvate petals are three or four times as long. There are up to twelve stamens, exserted at antithesis, on elongated, slender to wide filaments. The anthers are dorsifixed, linear and basally sagittate; the pollen is monosulcate and elliptic with tectate, reticulate exine. The pistillate flowers are ovoid with three broad, imbricate sepals and as many valvate petals. There may be up to nine tooth-like staminodes or none at all; gynoecium uniocular and ovoid with broad, pendulous stigmas. The fruit is ellipsoidal to subglobose, maturing to black, with a thin endocarp, carrying one seed. The seed is round with homogeneous endosperm and a basal embryo.
Distribution and habitat
A. rubra flowers

They are restricted to Mauritius and Réunion though the populations have been so disturbed that their ecology is poorly known. Because the islands were volcanically formed, the palms are often found on sloping terrain from sea level to 1350 meters. They are cultivated around the world.
References

Wendland, H. A. Flores des Serres et des Jardins de l'Europe 16:181. 1867.
Uhl, N. W. and J. Dransfield. Genera Palmarum - A Classification of Palms Based on the Work of Harold E. Moore. Lawrence, Kansas: Allen Press. 1987. ISBN 0-935868-30-5 / ISBN 978-0-935868-30-2
Riffle, R. L. and P. Craft. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Portland: Timber Press. 2003. ISBN 0-88192-558-6 / ISBN 978-0-88192-558-6