Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Spiralia
Cladus: Platyzoa
Phyla: Acanthocephala – Cycliophora – Gastrotricha – Gnathostomulida – Micrognathozoa – Myzostomida – Platyhelminthes – RotiferaAcanthocephala - Cycliophora - Gastrotricha - Gnathostomulida - Micrognathozoa - Myzostomida - Platyhelminthes - Rotifera
NOTES:
Prosomastigozoa: Cycliophora - Myzostomida - Syndermata (?Gnathifera)
Gnathifera: Gnathostomulida - Micrognathozoa - Syndermata
Syndermata: Acanthocephala - Rotifera
References
Funch, P.; Sørensen, M.V.; Obst, M. 2005: On the phylogenetic position of Rotifera — have we come any further? Hydrobiologia, 546: 11–28. DOI: 10.1007/s10750-005-4093-6
García-Varela, M.; Nadler, S.A. 2006: Phylogenetic relationships among Syndermata inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 40: 61–72.
Herlyn, H., Piskurek, O., Schmitz, J., Ehlers, U. & Zischler, H. 2003. The syndermatan phylogeny and the evolution of acanthocephalan endoparasitism as inferred from 18S rDNA sequences. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 26(1): 155–164. DOI: 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00309-3 Reference page.
Witek, A.; Herlyn, H.; Meyer, A.; Boell, L.; Bucher, G.; Hankeln, T. 2008: EST based phylogenomics of Syndermata questions monophyly of Eurotatoria. BMC evolutionary biology, 8: 345. PDF
Witek, A.; Herlyn, H.; Ebersberger, I.; Welch, D.B.M.; Hankeln, T. 2009: Support for the monophyletic origin of Gnathifera from phylogenomics. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 53: 1037–1041. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.07.031 PDF
Vernacular names
English: platyzoans
français: Platyzoaires
magyar: Laposféregszerűek
português: Platizoários
中文:
The paraphyletic "Platyzoa" /ˌplætɪˈzoʊ.ə/ are a group of protostome unsegmented animals proposed by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 1998. Cavalier-Smith included in Platyzoa the phylum Platyhelminthes (or flatworms), and a new phylum, the Acanthognatha, into which he gathered several previously described phyla of microscopic animals. Later it has been described as paraphyletic, containing the Rouphozoa and the Gnathifera.
Phyla
See also: List of bilaterial animal orders
One scheme placed the following phyla in Platyzoa:
Rouphozoa[1]
Platyhelminthes
Gastrotricha
Gnathifera[2]
Syndermata
Rotifera
Seisonida
Acanthocephala
Gnathostomulida
Micrognathozoa
Cycliophora
Characteristics
None of the Platyzoa groups have a respiration or circulation system because of their small size, flat body or parasitic lifestyle. The Platyhelminthes and Gastrotricha are acoelomate. The other phyla have a pseudocoel, and share characteristics such as the structure of their jaws and pharynx, although these have been secondarily lost in the parasitic Acanthocephala. They form a monophyletic subgroup called the Gnathifera.
The name "Platyzoa" is used because most members are flat, though rotifers are not.[3]
Classification
The Platyzoa are close relatives of the Lophotrochozoa. Together the two make up the Spiralia.
Spiralia
Gnathifera
Platytrochozoa
Rouphozoa
Gastrotricha
Platyhelminthes
Mesozoa
Lophotrochozoa
Syndermata was a proposed clade that included Acanthocephala and rotifers, but as it appears they are not sister groups after all, the clade has been abandoned.[4]
A recent possible cladogram is shown which would show that the Lophotrochozoa emerged within Platyzoa as a sister group of the Rouphozoa (the Gastrotricha and Platyhelminthes).[1] The Lophotrochozoa and Rouphozoa are then named the Platytrochozoa.[1] This makes the Platyzoa a paraphyletic group.[clarification needed]
References
Struck, Torsten H.; Wey-Fabrizius, Alexandra R.; Golombek, Anja; Hering, Lars; Weigert, Anne; Bleidorn, Christoph; Klebow, Sabrina; Iakovenko, Nataliia; Hausdorf, Bernhard (2014-07-01). "Platyzoan Paraphyly Based on Phylogenomic Data Supports a Noncoelomate Ancestry of Spiralia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (7): 1833–1849. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu143. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 24748651.
Sørensen, Martin (14 December 2005). "Limnognathia". Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
"Explanations.html". Archived from the original on 2013-02-07. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
Gnathifera - Richard C. Brusca
The Taxonomicon - Taxon: Infrakingdom Platyzoa Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - retrieved January 31, 2006
Triploblastic Relationships with Emphasis on the Acoelomates and the Position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and Chaetognatha: A Combined Approach of 18S rDNA Sequences and Morphology - retrieved January 31, 2006
Myzostomida Are Not Annelids: Molecular and Morphological Support for a Clade of Animals with Anterior Sperm Flagella - retrieved January 31, 2006
Current advances in the phylogenetic reconstruction of metazoan evolution. A new paradigm for the Cambrian explosion? - retrieved January 31, 2006
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