Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Spiralia
Cladus: Platyzoa
Phylum: Acanthocephala
Classis (4): Archiacanthocephala – Eoacanthocephala – Palaeacanthocephala – Polyacanthocephala
Familiae incertae sedis (1): †Zhijinitidae
Source(s) of checklist:
Checklist based on Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist, with addition of Polyacanthocephala
References
Amin, O.M. 1987. Key to the families and subfamilies of Acanthocephala with the erection of a new class (Polyacanthocephala) and a new order (Polyacanthorhynchida). Journal of parasitology 73(6): 1216–1219. JSTOR
Crompton, D.W.T. & Nickol, B.B. 1985. Biology of the Acanthocephala, Cambridge University Press. Preview.
García-Varela, M., Pérez-Ponce de León, G., de la Torre, P., Cummings, M.P., Sarma, S.S.S. & Laclette, J.P. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships of Acanthocephala based on analysis of 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Journal of molecular evolution 50: 532–540. PDF.
Golvan, Y.J. 1994. Nomenclature of the Acanthocephala. Research and reviews in parasitology 54(3): 135–205. PDF.
Herlyn, H., Piskurek, O., Schmitz, J., Ehlers, U. & Zischler, H. 2003. The syndermatan phylogeny and the evolution of acanthocephalan endoparasitism as inferred from 18S rDNA sequences. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 26(1): 155–164. DOI: 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00309-3 Reference page.
Hernández-Orts, J.S., Paso Viola, M.N., Garcia, N.A., Crespo, E.A., González, R., García-Varela, M. & Kuchta, R. 2015: A checklist of the helminth parasites of marine mammals from Argentina. Zootaxa 3936(3): 301–334. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3936.3.1. Reference page.
Hernández-Orts, J.S., Kuchta, R., Semenas, L., Crespo, E.A., González, R.A. & Aznar, F.J. 2019. An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina. Zootaxa 4663(1): 1–64. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1 Paywall Reference page.
Monks, S. & Richardson, D.J. 2011. Phylum Acanthocephala Kohlreuther, 1771. Pp 234–237 In Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.) 2011. Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148: 1–237. Open access. Reference page. . PDF Reference page.
Near, T.J. 2002. Acanthocephalan phylogeny and the evolution of parasitism. Integrative and comparative biology 42: 668–677. [1]
Near, T.J., Garey, J.R. & Nadler, S.A. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships of the Acanthocephala inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA sequences. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 10(3): 287–298. DOI: 10.1006/mpev.1998.0569
Santos, C.P. & Gibson, D.I. 2015. Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats. Zootaxa 3937(3): 471–499. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3. Reference page.
Smales, L.R. & Weaver, H.J. 2015: An annotated checklist of Acanthocephala from Australian fish. Zootaxa 3985(3): 349–374. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3985.3.2. Preview (PDF) Reference page.
Tavakol, S., Amin, O.M., Luus-Powell, W.J. & Halajian, A. 2015. The acanthocephalan fauna of Iran, a check list. Zootaxa 4033(2): 237–258. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4033.2.3. Preview (PDF) Reference page.
Fugassa, M.H. 2015. Checklist of helminths found in Patagonian wild mammals. Zootaxa 4012(2): 271–328. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.2.3. Preview (PDF) Reference page.
García-Prieto, L., Garcia-Varela, M., Mendoza-Garfias, B. & Pérez-Ponce de León, G. 2010. Checklist of the Acanthocephala in wildlife vertebrates of Mexico. Zootaxa 2419: 1–50. Preview (PDF).
García-Varela, M., Cummings, M.P., Pérez-Ponce de León, G., Gardner, S.L. & Laclette, J.P. 2002. Phylogenetic analysis based on 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences supports the existence of class Polyacanthocephala (Acanthocephala). Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 23(2): 288–292. DOI: 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00020-9 PDF.
Halajian, A., Warner, L.R., Tavakol, S., Smit, N.J. & Luus-Powell, W.J. 2018. Checklist of Acanthocephalan parasites of South Africa. ZooKeys 789: 1–18. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.789.27710 Reference page.
Lopes, D.A., Corrêa-Gomes, D. & Knoff, M. 2017. Type material of Acanthocephala, Nematoda and other non-helminths phyla (Cnidaria, Annelida, and Arthropoda) housed in the Helminthological Collection of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute/ FIOCRUZ (CHIOC), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 1979 to 2016. ZooKeys 711: 1—52. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.711.14753. Reference page.
Panti-May, J.A., Digiani, M.C., Palomo-Arjona, E.E., Gurubel-González, Y.M., Navone, G.T., Machain-Williams, C., Hernández-Betancourt, S.F & Robles, M. del R. 2018. A checklist of the helminth parasites of sympatric rodents from two Mayan villages in Yucatán, México. Zootaxa 4403(3): 495–512. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4403.3.4 Reference page.
Spratt, D.M. & Beveridge, I. 2016. Helminth parasites of Australasian monotremes and marsupials. Zootaxa 4123(1): 1–198. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4123.1.1 Reference page.
Links
Tree of Life Web Project. 2006. Acanthocephala. Spiny-headed worms, thorny-headed worms. Version 28 July 2006 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Acanthocephala/20452/2006.07.28 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/
WoRMS (2011). Acanthocephala. In: Read, G. & Fauchald, K. (Ed.) 2011. World Polychaeta database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=18814 on 2011-10-24
ZooBank
Vernacular names
Alemannisch: Chratzwirmer
беларуская: Скрэбні
català: Acantocèfal
čeština: Vrtejši
Deutsch: Kratzwürmer
Ελληνικά: Ακανθοκέφαλα
English: thorny-headed worms
eesti: Kidakärssussid, Kidakärssed, Akantotsefaalid
suomi: Väkäkärsämadot
Nordfriisk: Haagwirmer
français: Acanthocéphales
galego: Acantocéfalo
magyar: Buzogányfejűek
日本語: 鉤頭動物門
latviešu: Kāšgalvjtārpi, dzelkņgalvji
македонски: Боцкоглавци
Nederlands: haakwormen
polski: Kolcogłowy
română: Acantocefali
русский: Скребни
svenska: Hakmaskar
Türkçe: Başı dikenli solucanlar
Tiếng Việt: Giun đầu gai, Giun đầu móc
中文: 棘头动物门
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