Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Phylum: Cycliophora
Classes: Eucycliophora
Overview of familiae
Symbiidae
Name
Cycliophora Funch & Kristensen, 1995
References
Baker, J.M. & Giribet, G. 2007. A molecular phylogenetic approach to the phylum Cycliophora provides further evidence for cryptic speciation in Symbion americanus. Zoologica scripta 36: 353–359. DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00288.x
Funch, P. 1996. The chordoid larva of Symbion pandora (Cycliophora) is a modified trochophore. Journal of morphology 230: 231–263. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(199612)230:3<231::AID-JMOR1>3.0.CO;2-H
Funch, P. & Kristensen, R.M. 1995. Cycliophora is a new phylum with affinities to Entoprocta and Ectoprocta. Nature 378: 711–714. DOI: 10.1038/378711a0 Reference page.
Gordon, D.P. 2009. 9. Phylum Cycliophora: cycliophorans, pandoras. Pp. 159–160 in Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume 1. Kingdom Animalia. Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, New Zealand. ISBN 978-1-877257-72-8 [not known from New Zealand]
Kristensen, R.M. 2002: An introduction to Loricifera, Cycliophora, and Micrognathozoa. Integrative and comparative biology 42: 641–651. DOI: 10.1093/icb/42.3.641 JSTOR.
Neves, R.C., Ribeiro da Cunha, M., Funch, P., Wanninger, A. & Kristensen, R.M. (Online First): External morphology of the cycliophoran dwarf male: a comparative study of Symbion pandora and S. americanus. Helgoland Marine Research DOI: 10.1007/s10152-010-0204-5
Obst, M. & Funch, P. 2006. The microhabitat of Symbion pandora (Cycliophora) on the mouthparts of its host Nephrops norvegicus (Decapoda: Nephropidae). Marine biology 148: 945–951. DOI: 10.1007/s00227-005-0131-1
Obst, M., Funch, P. & Giribet, G. 2005. Hidden diversity and host specificity in cycliophorans: a phylogeographic analysis along the North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Molecular Wcology 14: 4427–4440. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02752.x
Obst, M., Funch, P. & Kristensen, R.M. 2006. A new species of Cycliophora from the mouthparts of the American lobster, Homarus americanus (Nephropidae, Decapoda). Organisms diversity & evolution 6: 83–97. DOI: 10.1016/j.ode.2005.05.001 Reference page.
Links
Catalogue of Life: 2012 Annual Checklist
WoRMS (2010). Cycliophora. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on October 16, 2010.
Vernacular names
Alemannisch: Chreistreger
Boarisch: Kroasträger
Ελληνικά: Κυκλιοφόρα
English: Cycliophorans
Nordfriisk: Kraansdiarten
français: Cycliophores
Frysk: Krânsdieren
italiano: Cliofori
日本語: 有輪動物門
polski: Lejkogębce
русский: Циклиофоры
Symbion is a genus of commensal aquatic animals, less than 0.5 mm wide, found living attached to the mouthparts of cold-water lobsters. They have sac-like bodies, and three distinctly different forms in different parts of their two-stage life-cycle. They appear so different from other animals that they were assigned their own, new phylum Cycliophora shortly after they were discovered in 1995.[1] This was the first new phylum of multicelled organism to be discovered since the Loricifera in 1983.
Taxonomy
See also: List of bilaterial animal orders
Symbion was discovered in 1995 by Reinhardt Kristensen and Peter Funch[2] on the mouthparts of the Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus). Other, related, species have since been discovered on:
the American lobster (Homarus americanus, host to Symbion americanus)[3][4]
the European lobster (Homarus gammarus, host to an as yet unnamed species of Symbion)
The genus is so named because of its commensal relationship with the lobster (a form of symbiosis) – it feeds on the leftovers from the lobster's own meals.[5]
The genus Symbion are peculiar microscopic animals, with no obvious close relatives, and which was therefore given its own phylum, called Cycliophora. The phylogenetic position of Symbion remains unclear: originally the phyla Ectoprocta and Entoprocta were considered possible relatives of Symbion, based on structural similarities.[6] However, genetic studies suggest that Symbion may be more closely related to Gnathifera.
Description
Symbion pandora has a bilateral, sac-like body with no coelom. There are three basic life stages:
Asexual Feeding Stage – At this stage, S. pandora is neither male nor female. It has a length of 347 μm and a width of 113 μm. On the posterior end of the sac-like body is a stalk with an adhesive disc, which attaches itself to the host. On the anterior end is a ciliated funnel (mouth) and an anus.
Sexual Stage
Male – S. pandora has a length of 84 μm and a width of 42 μm during this stage. It has no mouth or anus, which signifies the absence of a digestive system. It also has two reproductive organs.
Female – S. pandora is the same size as the male in this stage. It does, however, have a digestive system which collapses and reconstitutes itself as a larva.[2]
Reproduction
Symbion reproduces both asexually and sexually, and has a complex reproduction cycle, a strategy evolved to produce as many offspring as possible that can survive and find a new host when the lobster they live on sheds its shell. The asexual individuals are the largest ones. The sexual individuals do not eat. During the autumn they make copies of themselves, where a new individual grows inside the parent body, one offspring at the time. The new offspring attach themselves to an available spot on the lobster, begin to feed and eventually start making new copies of themselves. In early winter, the asexual animals start producing males. When a male is born, it crawls away from its parent and glues itself to another asexual individual. Once attached, the male produces two dwarf males inside its body, which turns into a hollow pouch. Each of the two dwarf males are about one hundred times smaller than the asexual individual to which they are attached. Their bodies start out with about 200 cells, but this number has been reduced to just 47 by the time they reach maturity. Thirty-four of the cells form its nervous system, and three more become sensory cells used to help them feel their surroundings. Eight cells becomes mucus glands, which produce mucus that helps them move across the surface. The final two cells form the testes, which make the sperm that fertilize the female’s egg. Most of the cells of the dwarf males also lose their nucleus and shrink to almost half their size, which is an adaptation that allows two mature individuals to fit inside the body of the parent male. Two males increases their chances to fertilize a female. By late winter, when the large feeding individuals in the colony have males attached to their bodies, they start making females. Each female has a single egg inside her. When she is about the be born, one of the two dwarf males fertilizes her when she comes out. The fertilized female finds herself a place on the host's whiskers where she attaches herself. Inside her the developing embryo extracts all the nutrients it needs to grow from its mother, and by the time it is ready to be born, all that remains of the mother is an empty husk. This new offspring is a strong swimmer unlike all the other forms in the colony, and those who succeed in finding a new host will attach themselves to its mouthparts, where it will grow a stomach and mouthparts, morphing into a large, feeding and asexual type, starting the cycle all over again.[7] The larval stage may be unscientifically referred to as sea worms.[8]
References
Marshall, Michael (28 April 2010). "Zoologger: The most bizarre life story on Earth?". New Scientist. Retrieved 19 November 2018. "... In 1995, Peter Funch and Reinhardt Møbjerg Kristensen, both then at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, discovered an animal so unlike any other that a new phylum – Cycliophora – had to be created just for it. ..."
P. Funch & R. M. Kristensen (1995). "Cycliophora is a new phylum with affinities to Entoprocta and Ectoprocta". Nature. 378 (6558): 711–714. Bibcode:1995Natur.378..711F. doi:10.1038/378711a0. S2CID 4265849.
M. Obst; P. Funch & G. Giribet (2005). "Hidden diversity and host specificity in cycliophorans: a phylogeographic analysis along the North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea". Molecular Ecology. 14 (14): 4427–4440. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02752.x. PMID 16313603. S2CID 26920982.
Neves RC, Kristensen RM, Wanninger A (March 2009). "Three-dimensional reconstruction of the musculature of various life cycle stages of the cycliophoran Symbion americanus". J. Morphol. 270 (3): 257–70. doi:10.1002/jmor.10681. PMID 18937332. S2CID 206090614.
P. Funch; P. Thor & M. Obst (2008). "Symbiotic relations and feeding biology of Symbion pandora (Cycliophora) and Triticella flava (Bryozoa)". Vie et Milieu. 58: 185–188.
"Cycliophorans - Cycliophora - Details - Encyclopedia of Life". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2017-09-02.
Living Mysteries: This complex beast lurks on lobster whiskers
Piper, Ross (2007), Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals, Greenwood Press.
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