Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Spiralia
Cladus: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum: Mollusca
Classis: Cephalopoda
Subclassis: Coleoidea
Cohors: Neocoleoidea
SuperOrdo: Decapodiformes
Ordo: Teuthida
SubOrdo: Oegopsina
Familia: Ommastrephidae
Subfamiliae: Illicinae - Ommastrephinae - Todarodinae
Name
Ommastrephidae Steenstrup, 1857
References
Steenstrup, J. 1857. Oplysning om en ny Art af Blaeksprutter, Dosidicus Eschrichtii. Oversigt over det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger 1857 (1/2): 11–14
Ommastrephidae is a family of squid containing three subfamilies, 11 genera, and over 20 species. They are widely distributed globally and are extensively fished for food. One species, Todarodes pacificus, comprised around half of the world's cephalopod catch annually.[2]
Some members of Ommastrephidae are known for their jet-propelled flight, earning them the common name of "flying squid".[3]
Description
Funnel grooves of ommastrephid subfamilies
The ommastrephids are small to large squids, with mantle lengths ranging from that of the glass squid (Hyaloteuthis pelagica) at 9 cm (3.5 in),[4] to the Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas) at 1.5 m (4.9 ft).[5] The mantle narrows towards the back and possesses large terminal fins.[6] The family is characterized by an inverted T-shaped funnel locking cartilage.[7][6] They have an easily recognizable, slender, feather-shaped gladius with a hollow cone structure (the primary conus). Light organs (photophores) are present along the head and mantle of members of the subfamily Ommastrephinae.[7][6]
The gladius of Illex illecebrosus
Ommastrephid arms have a double series of suckers. The enlarged tips (the clubs) of the tentacles have four rows of suckers, except in the genus Illex, which has eight. Hooks are absent. One of the ventral arms develops into a secondary sexual organ (the hectocotylus) in males.[2]
All ommastrephids are active predators. Their arms and tentacles bear sharp teeth and are used to grasp and bring prey to their beaked mouths.[8] They are very strong swimmers, and some species are known to glide out of water to escape predators.[7]
Ommastrephid paralarvae are distinctive for having fused tentacles, looking like a single "proboscis". It gradually splits into two as the paralarvae grow becoming completely separated once they reach mantle lengths of 5 to 10 mm (0.20 to 0.39 in).[7][8]
Distribution and habitat
Ommastrephids usually occur in pelagic waters, but can also be found in neritic habitats.[7] They are found worldwide.[2][8]
Taxonomy
Northern shortfin squid
(Illex illecebrosus)
Humboldt squid
(Dosidicus gigas)
Neon flying squid
(Ommastrephes bartramii)
Sevenstar flying squid
(Martialia hyadesii)
Japanese flying squid
(Todarodes pacificus)
Ommastrephidae was first established by the Danish zoologist Japetus Steenstrup in 1857. It is classified under the suborder Oegopsina of the order Teuthida (squids). It is divided into three subfamilies – Illicinae, Ommastrephinae, and Todarodinae; further subdivided into 11 genera and more than 20 species.
These subfamilies, genera, species, and subspecies are classified under Ommastrephidae:
Family Ommastrephidae
Subfamily Illicinae
Genus Illex
Illex argentinus, Argentine shortfin squid
Illex coindetii, southern shortfin squid
Illex illecebrosus, northern shortfin squid
Illex oxygonius, sharptail shortfin squid
Subfamily Ommastrephinae
Genus Dosidicus
Dosidicus gigas, Humboldt squid, jumbo flying squid or jumbo squid
Genus Eucleoteuthis
Eucleoteuthis luminosa, striped squid or luminous flying squid
Genus Hyaloteuthis
Hyaloteuthis pelagica, glassy flying squid
Genus Ommastrephes
Ommastrephes bartramii, neon flying squid or red flying squid
Genus Ornithoteuthis
Ornithoteuthis antillarum, Atlantic bird squid
Ornithoteuthis volatilis, shiny bird squid
Genus Sthenoteuthis
Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis, purpleback squid or purpleback flying squid
Sthenoteuthis pteropus, orangeback squid or orangeback flying squid
Subfamily Todarodinae
Genus Martialia
Martialia hyadesii, sevenstar flying squid
Genus Nototodarus
Nototodarus gouldi, Gould's flying squid
Nototodarus hawaiiensis, Hawaiian flying squid
Nototodarus sloanii, Wellington flying squid or New Zealand arrow squid
Genus Todarodes
Todarodes angolensis, Angola flying squid
Todarodes filippovae, Antarctic flying squid
Todarodes pacificus, Japanese flying squid or Japanese common squid
Todarodes pusillus, little flying squid
Todarodes sagittatus, European flying squid
Genus Todaropsis
Todaropsis eblanae, lesser flying squid
See also
Loliginidae
References
"Statoliths of Cenozoic teuthoid cephalopods from North America | The Palaeontological Association". www.palass.org. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
John H. Wormuth (1976). "Ommastrephidae: Flying Squids". In P. Jereb; C.F.E. Roper (eds.). Cephalopods of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date . Vol. 2, Myopsid and Oegopsid Squids (PDF). Vol. 2. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 9–10.
Muramatsu, K.; Yamamoto, J.; Abe, T.; Sekiguchi, K.; Hoshi, N.; Sakurai, Y. (May 2013). "Oceanic squid do fly". Marine Biology. 160 (5): 1171–1175. doi:10.1007/s00227-013-2169-9. S2CID 253742101.
Nesis, K. N. 1982. Abridged key to the cephalopod mollusks of the world's ocean. 385,ii pp. Light and Food Industry Publishing House, Moscow. (In Russian.). Translated into English by B. S. Levitov, ed. by L. A. Burgess (1987), Cephalopods of the world. T. F. H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ, 351pp.
Glaubrecht, M. & M.A. Salcedo-Vargas 2004. The Humboldt squid Dosidicus gigas (Orbigny, 1835): History of the Berlin specimen, with a reappraisal of other (bathy-)pelagic gigantic cephalopods (Mollusca, Ommastrephidae, Architeuthidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 80(1): 53–69. doi:10.1002/mmnz.20040800105
John H. Wormuth (1976). The biogeography and numerical taxonomy of the oegopsid squid family Ommastrephidae in the Pacific Ocean. University of California Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-0-520-09540-3.
Young, Richard E.; Vecchione, Michael; Roeleveld, Martina A. Compagno (2010). "Ommastrephidae Steenstrup 1857. Version 27 June 2010". The Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
K. L. Lamprell; J.M. Healy; A.M. Scheltema; K. Gowlett-Holmes; C.C. Lu (2001). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 17.2, Mollusca: Aplacophora, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Cephalopoda. CSIRO Publishing. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-643-06707-3.
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