Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Spiralia
Cladus: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum: Mollusca
Classis: Cephalopoda
Subclassis: Coleoidea
Cohors: Neocoleoidea
Superordo: Octopodiformes
Ordo: Octopoda
Subordo: Cirrina
Familiae (5): Cirroctopodidae - Cirroteuthidae - Grimpoteuthididae - Opisthoteuthidae - Stauroteuthidae
Name
Cirrina Grimpe, 1916
Synonyms
Cirrata Grimpe, 1916
Cirroctopoda Young, 1989
References
Collins, M.A. & Villanueva R. 2006. Taxonomy, ecology and behaviour of the cirrate octopods. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 44: 277–322. Reference page.
Piertney, S.B.; Hudelot, C.; Hochberg, F.G.; Collins, M.A. 2003: Phylogenetic relationships among cirrate octopods (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) resolved using mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA sequences. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 27: 348–353. DOI: 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00420-7
Vernacular names
English: Finned Deep-sea Octopus
日本語: ヒゲダコ亜目（有触毛亜目）
polski: Frędzlikowce
Cirrina or Cirrata is a suborder and one of the two main divisions of octopuses. Cirrate octopuses have a small, internal shell and two fins on their head, while their sister suborder Incirrina has neither. The fins of cirrate octopods are associated with a unique cartilage-like shell in a shell sac. In cross-section, the fins have distinct proximal and distal regions, both of which are covered by a thin surface sheath of muscle.
The suborder is named for small, cilia-like strands (cirri) on the arms of the octopus, a pair for each sucker. These are thought to play some role in feeding, perhaps by creating currents of water that help bring food closer to the beak. Cirrate octopuses are noteworthy for lacking ink sacs.
The oldest known member of the group is Paleocirroteuthis from the Late Cretaceous of Japan and Canada.[1]
Phylogeny
A molecular phylogeny based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA marker sequences by Sanchez et al., 2018, shows that the Cirrina is paraphyletic, i.e. it is not a single clade. Instead, a clade containing Opisthoteuthidae and Cirroctopodidae is sister to the Octopodida, while a clade containing Cirroteuthidae and Stauroteuthidae is sister to the clade that contains those other groups.[2] However, subsequent studies, using a greater coverage of species and genes, have found Cirrata and Incirrata to be monophyletic clades,[3] consistent with earlier morphological and molecular studies.[4][5]
Classification
The family level clades recognized within Cirrina has changed over time. Currently five families are recognized by the World Register of Marine Species allocated to two superfamily level clades, Superfamily Cirroteuthoidea (Cirroteuthidae, Stauroteuthidae) and Superfamily Opisthoteuthoidea (Opisthoteuthidae, Grimpoteuthidae, and Cirroctopodidae),[6] with these groups also recognized in recent molecular work.[3][7] The families Cirroteuthidae and Stauroteuthidae have been problematic, while they are distinct morphologically, molecular studies using mitochondrial genes revealed a single family (Stauroteuthidae being synonymized under Cirroteuthidae),[4] but more recent analysis using nuclear genes does show separation.[3] The family Grimpoteuthidae has also at times been synonymized under Opisthoteuthidae but is currently well supported.[4][8][3][9][10]
CLASS CEPHALOPODA
Subclass Nautiloidea: nautilus
Subclass †Ammonoidea: ammonites
Subclass Coleoidea
Superorder Decapodiformes: squid, cuttlefish
Superorder Octopodiformes
Family †Trachyteuthididae (incertae sedis)
Order Vampyromorphida: vampire squid
Order Octopoda
Genus †Keuppia (incertae sedis)
Genus †Palaeoctopus (incertae sedis)
Genus †Proteroctopus (incertae sedis)
Genus †Styletoctopus (incertae sedis)
Suborder Cirrina: finned deep-sea octopus
Superfamily Opisthoteuthoidea
Family Opisthoteuthidae (containing Opisthoteuthis, Exsuperoteuthis & Insigniteuthis)
Family Grimpoteuthidae (containing Grimpoteuthis, Cryptoteuthis, & Luteuthis)
Family Cirroctopodidae (containing Cirroctopus)
Superfamily Cirroteuthoidea
Family Cirroteuthidae (containing Cirroteuthis & Cirrothauma)
Family Stauroteuthidae (containing Stauroteuthis)
Family & Superfamily uncertain: †Paleocirroteuthis[11]
Suborder Incirrina: octopus without mantle fins or cirri.
References
Tanabe, Kazushige; Trask, Pat; Ross, Rick; Hikida, Yoshinori (2008). "Late Cretaceous octobrachiate coleoid lower jaws from the north Pacific regions". Journal of Paleontology. 82 (2): 398–408. doi:10.1666/07-029.1. ISSN 0022-3360.
Sanchez, Gustavo; Setiamarga, Davin H. E.; Tuanapaya, Surangkana; Tongtherm, Kittichai; Winkelmann, Inger E.; Schmidbaur, Hannah; Umino, Tetsuya; Albertin, Caroline; Allcock, Louise; Perales-Raya, Catalina; Gleadall, Ian; Strugnell, Jan M.; Simakov, Oleg; Nabhitabhata, Jaruwat (2018). "Genus-level phylogeny of cephalopods using molecular markers: current status and problematic areas". PeerJ. 6: e4331. doi:10.7717/peerj.4331. PMC 5813590. PMID 29456885.
Taite, M.; Fernández-Álvarez, F. Á.; Braid, H. E.; Bush, S. L.; Bolstad, K.; Drewery, J.; Mills, S.; Strugnell, J. M.; Vecchione, M.; Villanueva, R.; Voight, J. R.; Allcock, A. L. (2023-02-10). "Genome skimming elucidates the evolutionary history of OctopodA". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 182: 107729. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107729. hdl:10261/329953. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 36773750. S2CID 256804597.
Piertney, Stuart B.; Hudelot, Cendrine; Hochberg, F. G.; Collins, Martin A. (2003-05-01). "Phylogenetic relationships among cirrate octopods (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) resolved using mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 27 (2): 348–353. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00420-7. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 12695097.
Lindgren, Annie R.; Pankey, Molly S.; Hochberg, Frederick G.; Oakley, Todd H. (2012-07-28). "A multi-gene phylogeny of Cephalopoda supports convergent morphological evolution in association with multiple habitat shifts in the marine environment". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 12 (1): 129. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12-129. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 3733422. PMID 22839506.
"WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Cirrata". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2023-06-24.
Verhoeff, Tristan Joseph (2023-11-24). "The molecular phylogeny of cirrate octopods (Cephalopoda: Octopoda: Cirrata) using COI and 16S sequences". Folia Malacologica. 31 (4): 175–196. doi:10.12657/folmal.031.026. ISSN 1506-7629.
Gibson, R; Atkinson, R; Gordon, J, eds. (2006-06-13). Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, Volume 44. Oceanography and Marine Biology - An Annual Review. CRC Press. doi:10.1201/9781420006391.ch6. ISBN 978-0-8493-7044-1.
Verhoeff, Tristan Joseph; O’Shea, Steve (2022-01-02). "New records and two new species of Grimpoteuthis (Octopoda: Cirrata: Grimpoteuthididae) from southern Australia and New Zealand". Molluscan Research. 42 (1): 4–30. doi:10.1080/13235818.2022.2035889. ISSN 1323-5818. S2CID 247020706.
Ziegler, Alexander; Sagorny, Christina (2021-04-23). "Holistic description of new deep sea megafauna (Cephalopoda: Cirrata) using a minimally invasive approach". BMC Biology. 19 (1): 81. doi:10.1186/s12915-021-01000-9. ISSN 1741-7007. PMC 8063452. PMID 33888110.
Tanabe, Kazushige; Trask, Pat; Ross, Rick; Hikida, Yoshinori (March 2008). "Late Cretaceous octobrachiate coleoid lower jaws from the north Pacific regions". Journal of Paleontology. 82 (2): 398–408. Bibcode:2008JPal...82..398T. doi:10.1666/07-029.1. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 130635916.
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