Leiognathidae

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Eupercaria
Ordo: Chaetodontiformes

Familia: Leiognathidae
Subfamiliae: Gazzinae – Leiognathinae
Genera: †Eoleiognathus – Equula - Equulites - Eubleekeria - Gazza - Karalla - Leiognathus - Nuchequula – Photolateralis – Photopectoralis - Photoplagios - Secutor

Name

Leiognathidae Gill, 1893

Type genus: Leiognathus Lacepède, 1802

Synonyms

Equuloidei Bleeker, 1859

References

Abraham, K. J., Joshi, K. K. & Murty, V. S. R., 2011: Taxonomy of the fishes of the family Leiognathidae (Pisces, Teleostei) from the West coast of India. Zootaxa, 2886: 1–18. Zootaxa 2886: 1–18. Preview
Chakrabarty, P.; Chu, J.; Nahar, L.; Sparks, J.S. 2010: Geometric morphometrics uncovers a new species of ponyfish (Teleostei: Leiognathidae: Equulites), with comments on the taxonomic status of Equula berbis Valenciennes. Zootaxa, 2427: 15–24. Preview
Chakrabarty, P. & Sparks, J.S., 2008: Diagnoses for Leiognathus Lacepède 1802, Equula Cuvier 1815, Equulites Fowler 1904, Eubleekeria Fowler 1904, and a new ponyfish genus (Teleostei, Leiognathidae). American Museum novitates, (3623)

Chakrabarty, P. & Sparks, J.S. 2015. Formalizing the names of subfamilies and tribes of ponyfishes (Leiognathidae Gill 1893). Zootaxa 3964(2): 298–299. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3964.2.10. Preview (PDF) Reference page.
Gill, T. N., 1893: Families and subfamilies of fishes. Memoirs of the National Academy of Science, 6 (6): 127–138. BHL

Gill, A.C. & Michalski, S. 2020. Osteological evidence for monophyly of the Leiognathidae (Teleostei: Acanthomorpha: Acanthuriformes). Zootaxa 4732(3): 409–421. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4732.3.4 Paywall Reference page.
Sparks, J.S. & Chakrabarty, P. 2015: Description of a new genus of ponyfishes (Teleostei: Leiognathidae), with a review of the current generic-level composition of the family. Zootaxa 3947(2): 181–190. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.2. Preview (PDF) Reference page.

Links

Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2006. FishBase, version (02/2006). [1]

Vernacular names
čeština: Plošákovití
English: Ponyfishes, Slipmouths, Slimys
日本語: ヒイラギ科
ไทย: ปลาแป้น, ปลาดอกหมาก
Tagalog: Sapsap

Leiognathidae, the ponyfishes, slipmouths or slimys / slimies, are a small family of fishes in the order Perciformes.[4] They inhabit marine and brackish waters in the Indian and West Pacific Oceans. They can be used in the preparation of bagoong.
Characteristics

Ponyfishes are small and laterally compressed in shape, with a bland, silvery colouration. They are distinguished by highly extensible mouths, and the presence of a mechanism for locking the spines in the dorsal and anal fins. They also possess a highly integrated light organ in their throats that houses symbiotic bioluminescent bacteria that project light through the animal's underside.[5][6][7] Typically, the harbored bacterium is only Photobacterium leiognathi, but in the two ponyfish species Photopectoralis panayensis and Photopectoralis bindus, Photobacterium mandapamensis is also present.[8] Two of the most widely studied uses for luminescence in ponyfish are camouflage by ventral counterillumination[9][10] and species-specific sexual dimorphism.[6][7][11][12] The light organ systems of ponyfishes are highly variable across species and often between sexes.[11][12]
Taxonomy

Leiognathidae is classified within the suborder Percoidei by the 5th edition of Fishes of the World, but they are placed in an unnamed clade which sits outside the superfamily Percoidea. This clade contains 7 families which appear to have some relationship to Acanthuroidei, Monodactylidae, and Priacanthidae.[13] Other authorities have placed the family in the order Chaetodontiformes alongside the family Chaetodontidae.[14]
Timeline of genera
Genera

The following genera are classified within the Leiognathidae:[4][3]

Aurigequula Fowler, 1918
Equulites Fowler, 1904
Eubleekeria Fowler, 1904
Gazza Rüppell, 1835
Karalla Chakrabarty & Sparks, 2008
Leiognathus Lacepède, 1802
Nuchequula Whitley, 1932
Photolateralis Sparks & Chakrabarty, 2015[15]
Photopectoralis Sparks, Dunlap & Smith, 2005
Secutor Gistel, 1848

References

Sepkoski, J. (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23.
Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675.
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Leiognathidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2015). "Leiognathidae" in FishBase. February 2015 version.
Johnson, G.D. & Gill, A.C. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-12-547665-2.
Haneda, Y.; Tsuji, F.I. (1976). "Luminescent systems of pony fishes". Journal of Morphology. 150 (2): 539–552. doi:10.1002/jmor.1976.150.2.539. S2CID 91711575.
McFall-Ngai, M.J.; Dunlap, P.V. (1984). "External and internal sexual dimorphism in leiognathid fishes: Morphological evidence for sex-specific bioluminescent signaling". Journal of Morphology. 182 (1): 71–83. doi:10.1002/jmor.1051820105. ISSN 1097-4687. PMID 6492170. S2CID 23956409.
Kaeding, A.J.; Ast, J.C.; Pearce, M.M.; Urbanczyk, H.; Kimura, S.; Endo, H.; Nakamura, M.; Dunlap, P.V. (2007). "Phylogenetic Diversity and Cosymbiosis in the Bioluminescent Symbioses of "Photobacterium mandapamensis"". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 73 (10): 3173–3182. Bibcode:2007ApEnM..73.3173K. doi:10.1128/AEM.02212-06. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 1907103. PMID 17369329.
Hastings, J.W. (1971). "Light to Hide by: Ventral Luminescence to Camouflage the Silhouette". Science. 173 (4001): 1016–1017. Bibcode:1971Sci...173.1016W. doi:10.1126/science.173.4001.1016. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17796582. S2CID 5680392.
McFall-Ngai, M.J.; Morin, J.G. (1991). "Camouflage by Disruptive Illumination in Leiognathids, a Family of Shallow-Water, Bioluminescent Fishes". Journal of Experimental Biology. 156 (1): 119–137. doi:10.1242/jeb.156.1.119. ISSN 0022-0949.
Sparks, J.S.; Dunlap, P.V.; Smith, W.L. (2005). "Evolution and diversification of a sexually dimorphic luminescent system in ponyfishes (Teleostei: Leiognathidae), including diagnoses for two new genera" (PDF). Cladistics. 21 (4): 305–327. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00067.x. hdl:2027.42/72092. ISSN 1096-0031. PMID 34892969. S2CID 53063530.
Chakrabarty, P.; Davis, M.P.; Smith, W.L.; Berquist, R.; Gledhill, K.M.; Frank, L.R.; Sparks, J.S. (2011). "Evolution of the light organ system in ponyfishes (Teleostei: Leiognathidae)". Journal of Morphology. 272 (6): 704–721. doi:10.1002/jmor.10941. ISSN 1097-4687. PMID 21433053. S2CID 9331522.
J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. p. 453. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
R. Betancur-Rodriguez; E. Wiley; N. Bailly; A. Acero; M. Miya; G. Lecointre; G. Ortí (2017). "Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes – Version 4". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (162): 162. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.
Sparks, J.S.; Chakrabarty, P. (2015). "Description of a new genus of ponyfishes (Teleostei: Leiognathidae), with a review of the current generic-level composition of the family". Zootaxa. 3947 (2): 181–190. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.2. PMID 25947728.