Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Pelagiaria
Ordo: Scombriformes
Familia: Gempylidae
Genera (16 + 1†): Diplospinus - Epinnula - Gempylus - Lepidocybium - Nealotus - Neoepinnula - Nesiarchus - Paradiplospinus - Promethichthys - Rexea - Rexichthys - Ruvettus - Thyrsites - Thyrsitoides - Thyrsitops - Tongaichthys – †Chelifichthys
Name
Gempylidae Gill, 1862
Vernacular names
čeština: Pamakrelovití
English: Snake Mackerels
日本語: クロタチカマス科
The Gempylidae are a family of scombriform ray-finned fishes commonly known as snake mackerels or escolars. The family includes about 25 species.
They are elongated fishes with a similar appearance to barracudas, having a long dorsal fin, usually with one or finlets trailing it. The largest species, including the snoek (Thyrsites atun), grow up to 2 m long, and the oilfish (Ruvettus pretiosus) can reach 3 m, though they rarely surpass 150 cm. Like the barracudas, they are predators, with fang-like teeth.[2]
Taxonomy
- Subfamily Clade 1 Mthethwa, 2023
- Genus Diplospinus
- Diplospinus multistriatus Maul, 1948 (Striped escolar)
- Genus Gempylus
- Gempylus serpens G. Cuvier, 1829 (Snake mackerel)
- Genus Nealotus
- Nealotus tripes J. Y. Johnson, 1865 (Black Snake mackerel)
- Genus Nesiarchus
- Nesiarchus nasutus J. Y. Johnson, 1862 (Black gemfish)
- Genus Paradiplospinus
- Paradiplospinus antarcticus Andriashev, 1960 (Antarctic escolar)
- Paradiplospinus gracilis (A. B. Brauer, 1906) (Slender escolar)
- Genus Promethichthys
- Promethichthys prometheus (G. Cuvier, 1832) (Roudi escolar)
- Genus Rexea
- Rexea alisae C. D. Roberts & A. L. Stewart, 1997
- Rexea antefurcata Parin, 1989 (Long-finned escolar)
- Rexea bengalensis (Alcock, 1894) (Bengal escolar)
- Rexea brevilineata Parin, 1989 (Short-lined escolar)
- Rexea nakamurai Parin, 1989 (Nakamura's escolar)
- Rexea prometheoides (Bleeker, 1856) (Royal escolar)
- Rexea solandri (G. Cuvier, 1832) (Silver gemfish)
- Genus Rexichthys
- Rexichthys johnpaxtoni Parin & Astakhov, 1987 (Paxton’s escolar)
- Genus Thyrsites
- Thyrsites atun (Euphrasén, 1791) (Snoek)
- Genus Thyrsitoides
- Thyrsitoides marleyi Fowler, 1929 (Blacksail snake mackerel)
- Genus Thyrsitops
- Thyrsitops lepidopoides (G. Cuvier, 1832) (White Snake Mackerel)
- Genus Tongaichthys
- Tongaichthys robustus I. Nakamura & E. Fujii, 1983 (Tonga escolar)
- Genus Diplospinus
- Subfamily Clade 2 Mthethwa, 2023
- Genus Epinnula
- Epinnula magistralis Poey, 1854
- Epinnula pacifica Ho, Motomura, Hata & Jiang, 2017
- Genus Lepidocybium
- Lepidocybium flavobrunneum (A. Smith, 1843) (Escolar)
- Genus Neoepinnula
- Neoepinnula americana (M. G. Grey, 1953) (American sackfish)
- Neoepinnula minetomai Nakayama, Y. Kimura & Endo, 2014 (Large-eyed sackfish)
- Neoepinnula orientalis (Gilchrist & von Bonde, 1924) (Sackfish)
- Genus Ruvettus
- Ruvettus pretiosus Cocco, 1833 (Oilfish)
- Genus Epinnula
The Gempylidae are broadly categorized into two clades; Clade 1, which includes more derived & elongate genera, and Clade 2, which includes more basal & fusiform genera. The Trichiuridae are an outgroup.[3]
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Gempylidae are believed to have first evolved at least 20 million years after the Late Cretaceus Extinction event, potentially due to tectonic plate movements.[3]
Timeline
[3][4]
See also
Euzaphlegidae, an extinct group of relatives from Paleocene to Late Miocene-aged marine strata of Europe, the Caucasus Mountains,[5] India, Iran, Turkmenistan, Italy,[6] and Southern California.[7]
References
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Gempylidae". FishBase. April 2013 version.
Johnson, G.D.; Gill, A.C. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 190. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
Mthethwa, Siphesihle; Bester-van_der_Merwe, Aletta E.; Roodt-Wilding, Rouvay (June 2023). "Addressing the complex phylogenetic relationship of the Gempylidae fishes using mitogenome data". Ecology and Evolution. 13 (6): e10217. Bibcode:2023EcoEv..1310217M. doi:10.1002/ece3.10217. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 10283032. PMID 37351481.
Rust, Seabourne; Robinson, Jeffrey H. (2023-07-12). "Revisiting Eothyrsites holosquamatus Chapman (Trichiuroidea: Gempylidae), an Eocene gemfish from the Burnside Mudstone, Dunedin, New Zealand". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 54 (5): 584–601. doi:10.1080/03036758.2023.2228211. ISSN 0303-6758. PMC 11459795.
Danilʹchenko, P. G. (1967). Bony fishes of the Maikop deposits of the Caucasus.
Bannikov, Alexandre F. (2008). "A new genus and species of putative euzaphlegid fish from the Eocene of Bolca in northern Italy (Periformes, Trichiuroidea)." Studi e Ricerche sui giacimenti Terziari di Bolca, XII Miscellanea Paleontologica 9: 99–107. [1]
David, Lore Rose (January 10, 1943). Miocene Fishes of Southern California. Geological Society of America. pp. 104–115.
External links
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/"
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