Vipera ursinii

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Lepidosauromorpha
Superordo: Lepidosauria
Ordo: Squamata
Subordo: Serpentes
Infraordo: Caenophidia
Superfamilia: Viperoidea

Familia: Viperidae
Subfamilia: Viperinae
Genus: Vipera
Species: Vipera ursinii
Subspecies (4): V. u. macrops – V. u. moldavica – V. u. rakosiensis – V. u. ursinii
Name

Vipera ursinii (Bonaparte, 1835)
Combinations

Pelias ursinii Bonaparte, 1835 [original combination]
Pelias berus ursinii — Cope, 1860 [subsequent combination]
Vipera ursinii — Boulenger, 1893 [subsequent combination]
Acridophaga ursinii — Reuss, 1927 [subsequent combination]

References
Links

Uetz, P. & Hallermann, J. 2022. Vipera ursinii. The Reptile Database. Accessed on 7 May 2022.
Joger, U., Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J., Vogrin, M., Corti, C., Sterijovski, B., Westerström, A., Krecsák, L., Pérez Mellado, V., Sá-Sousa, P., Cheylan, M., Pleguezuelos, J.M. & Sindaco, R. 2009. IUCN: Vipera ursinii (Vulnerable). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009: e.T22997A9406628. DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T22997A9406628.en. Accessed on 07 May 2022.

Vernacular names
bosanski: Planinska šarka
Deutsch: Wiesenotter
English: Meadow Viper
suomi: Kenttäkyy
italiano: Vipera dell'Orsini
日本語: ノハラクサリヘビ
Nederlands: Spitssnuitadder
polski: Żmija łąkowa
русский: Гадюка степная
Türkçe: Çayır engereği

Vipera ursinii is a venomous viper and a very rare species, that is in danger of extinction. This species is commonly called the meadow viper. It is found in France, Italy, and Greece as well as much of eastern Europe.[6] Several subspecies are recognized.[7] Beyond the highly threatened European population, poorly known populations exist as far to the east as Kazakhstan and northwestern China.

Etymology

The specific name or epithet, ursinii, is in honor of Italian naturalist Antonio Orsini (1788–1870).[8][9]
Description

Adults average 40–50 cm (15.75–19.69 inches) in total length, although specimens of 63–80 cm (24.8–31.5 inches) have been reported.[4] Females are larger than males. Although sometimes confused with V. aspis or V. berus, it differs from them in the following characters. The smallest viper in Europe, its body is thick, its head narrow, and its appearance rough. The snout is not upturned. There are always several large scales or plates on the top of the head. The prominently keeled dorsal scales are in only 19 rows, and often dark skin shows between them. It is gray, tan, or yellowish with a dark undulating dorsal stripe, which is edged with black.[10]
Common names

Meadow viper, Ursini's viper,[4] meadow adder,[5] Orsini's viper, field viper,[11] field adder.[12] Although the following subspecies are currently invalid according to the taxonomy used here, their common names may still be encountered:

V. u. ursinii – Italian meadow viper.[11]
V. u. macrops – karst viper,[11] karst adder.[5]
V. u. rakosiensis – Danubian meadow viper.[11]
V. renardi – steppe viper,[11] steppe adder, Renard's viper.[5]
V. u. moldavica – Moldavian meadow viper.

Geographic range

Southeastern France, eastern Austria (extinct), Hungary, central Italy, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,[13] northern and northeastern Republic of Kosovo, North Macedonia, Albania, Romania, northern Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, northwestern Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia and across Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and eastern Uzbekistan steppes to China (Xinjiang).

Vipera ursinii rakosiensis is native to Hungary[14] although the taxonomic status of this subspecies is disputed (see section "Taxonomy")

The type locality is " ...monti dell'Abruzzo prossimi alla provincia d'Ascoli... " (...mountains of Abruzzo near the Province of Ascoli Piceno, Italy...).[3]
Conservation status

This species is considered to be a Vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, due to habitat destruction caused by changes in agricultural practices and climate change in mountain areas, and to collection for the pet trade.[1]

In addition, this species is listed on CITES Appendix I, which prohibits commercial international trade,[15] and is a strictly protected species (Appendix II) under the Berne Convention.[16]

Vipera ursinii is the most threatened snake in Europe. At least 12 human activities are threatening these animals: 1. Grazing 2. Mowing 3. Fire 4. Agriculture 5. Roads 6. Constructions 7. Leisure Activities 8. Afforestation 9. Cynegetic species management 10. Persecution 11. Illegal collection 12. Littering
Taxonomy

There is high genetic diversity within samples of Vipera ursinii and several species may be involved. At least six subspecies may be encountered in modern literature:[3]

Vipera ursinii ursinii (Bonaparte, 1835)
Vipera ursinii eriwanensis (A.F. Reuss, 1933)
Vipera ursinii graeca Nilson & Andrén, 1988
Vipera ursinii macrops Méhelÿ, 1911
Vipera ursinii moldavica Nilson, Andrén & Joger, 1993
Vipera ursinii rakosiensis Méhely, 1893
Vipera ursinii renardi Christoph, 1861

Golay et al. (1993) recognize the first four,[3] while Mallow et al. (2003) recognize five and list V. eriwanensis and V. renardi as valid species.[4] However, McDiarmid et al. (1999), and thus ITIS, feel that more definitive data is necessary before any subspecies can be recognized.[3]
Notes

Only populations of Europe, except areas that formerly constituted the USSR (populations in that area, and all other areas, are not included in the Appendices.

References

Ulrich Joger, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Milan Vogrin, Claudia Corti, Bogoljub Sterijovski, Alexander Westerström, László Krecsák, Valentin Pérez Mellado, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Marc Cheylan, Juan M. Pleguezuelos, Roberto Sindaco (2009). "Vipera ursinii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T22997A9406628. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T22997A9406628.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
"Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Vol. 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G (2003). True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
Brown JH (1973). Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. ISBN 0-398-02808-7.
"Snakes in France". Planete Passion.
Ferchaud, Anne-Laure; Ursenbacher, Sylvain; Cheylan, Marc; Luiselli, Luca; Jelić, Dušan; Halpern, Bálint; Major, Ágnes; Kotenko, Tatiana; Keyan, Najme (2012-07-27). "Phylogeography of the Vipera ursinii complex (Viperidae): mitochondrial markers reveal an east-west disjunction in the Palaearctic region". Journal of Biogeography. 39 (10): 1836–1847. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2012.02753.x.
Bonaparte, Carlo Luciano (1835). Iconografia della fauna italica per le quattro classi degli animali vertebrati. Tomo 2. Amfibi. Rome: Salviucci. pages unnumbered. (Pelias Ursinii, new species). (in Italian).
Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Vipera ursinii, p. 196).
Arnold EN, Burton JA (1978). A Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe. London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-219318-3. (Vipera ursinii, pp. 215–217 + Plate 39 + Map 121).
Steward JW (1971). The Snakes of Europe. Cranbury, New Jersey: Associated University Press (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press). ISBN 0-8386-1023-4.
Hellmich W (1962). Reptiles and Amphibians of Europe. London: Blandford Press. Translated from Winter C (1956). Die Lurche und Kriechtiere Europas. Heidelberg, Germany: Universitatsverlag, gegr. 1822, GmbH.
Jelić, Dušan; Ajtic, Rastko; Bogoljub, Sterijovski; Crnobrnja-Isailovic, Jelka; Lelo, Suvad; Tomović, Ljiljana (2013-01-31). "Distribution of the genus Vipera in the western and Central Balkans (Squamata, Serpentes, Viperidae)". Herpetozoa. 25: 109–132.
Leírás. Fertő-Hanság Nemzeti Park (Fertő-Hansag National Park of Hungary)
Vipera ursinii at CITES and United Nations Environment Programme / World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Accessed 8 October 2006.

Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, Appendix II at Council of Europe. Accessed 9 October 2006.