Varanidae

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Lepidosauromorpha
Superordo: Lepidosauria
Ordo: Squamata
Cladus: Unidentata, Episquamata, Toxicofera
Subordo: Anguimorpha
Infraordo: Paleoanguimorpha

Superfamilia: Varanoidea
Familia: Varanidae
Genera: Varanus – †Cherminotus – †Chilingosaurus – †Iberovaranus – †Ovoo – †Pachyvaranus – †Palaeosaniwa – †Saniwa – †Saniwides – †Telmasaurus

Name

Varanidae Hardwicke & Gray, 1827

References

Koch, A.; Auliya, M.; Ziegler, T. 2010: Updated checklist of the monitor lizards of the world (Squamata: Varanidae). Bonn zoological bulletin, 57(2): 127–136. PDF

Vernacular names
беларуская: Вараны
Deutsch: Warane
English: Monitor Lizards
español: Varánidos
français: Varans
日本語: オオトカゲ科
Nederlands: Varanen
polski: Warany, waranowate
svenska: Varaner
ไทย: วงศ์เหี้ย

The Varanidae are a family of lizards in the superfamily Varanoidea within the Anguimorpha group. The family, a group of carnivorous and frugivorous lizards,[1] includes the living genus Varanus and a number of extinct genera more closely related to Varanus than to the earless monitor lizard (Lanthanotus).[2] Varanus includes the Komodo dragon (the largest living lizard), crocodile monitor, savannah monitor, the goannas of Australia and Southeast Asia, and various other species with a similarly distinctive appearance. Their closest living relatives are the anguid and helodermatid lizards.[3] The oldest members of the family are known from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia.[2]

Taxonomy

The Varanidae were defined (using morphological characteristics) by Estes, de Queiroz and Gauthier (1988) as the clade containing the most recent common ancestor of Lanthanotus and Varanus and all of its descendants.[4] A similar definition was formulated by Conrad et al. (2008) (also using morphological data), who defined the Varanidae as the clade containing Varanus varius, Lanthanotus borneensis, and all descendants of their last common ancestor.[5] Using one of these definitions leads to the inclusion of the earless monitor lizard (L. borneensis) in the family Varanidae.

Lee (1997) created a different definition of the Varanidae, defining them as the clade containing Varanus and all taxa more closely related to Varanus than to Lanthanotus;[6][7] this definition explicitly excludes the earless monitor lizard from the Varanidae. Whether L. borneensis is included in or excluded from the Varanidae depends on the author; for example, Vidal et al. (2012) classify the earless monitor lizard as a member of a separate family Lanthanotidae,[8] while Gauthier et al. (2012) classify it as a member of Varanidae.[9]

Taxonomic analysis based on molecular data has identified that Varanus and Lanthanotus make up Varanidae, while Shinisaurus is a sister taxon.[10][11]
Genera
The extinct Saniwa ensidens

Genera marked with † are extinct

Genera included in Varanidae according to Dong et al., 2022[2]

†Ovoo Norell, Gao, & Conrad, 2008[12]
†Saniwa Leidy, 1870

†Aiolosaurus Gao and Norell, 2000[12]
†Cherminotus Borsuk-Bialynicka, 1984

†Saniwides Borsuk-Bialynicka, 1984
†Paravaranus Borsuk-Bialynicka, 1984
†Proplatynotia Borsuk-Bialynicka, 1984
†Telmasaurus Gilmore, 1943[12]
†Archaeovaranus Dong et al., 2022

Varanus Shaw, 1790

Phylogeny

Below is a cladogram from Dong et al. 2022.[2]
Varanidae
 

†Ovoo gurvel
 
 
 
 

†Telmasaurus grangeri
 
 
 

†Aiolosaurus oriens
 
 

†Saniwides mongoliensis
 
 
 
 
 
 

†Paravaranus angustifrons
 
 

†Proplatynotia longirostrata
 
 
 
 

†Saniwa ensidens
 
 
 

†Archaeovaranus lii
 
 

Varanus
 
 
 
 
 
 
Biology
Gray's monitor (Varanus olivaceus) is a tree-dwelling varanid from the Philippines that primarily feeds on fruit

Monitor lizards are reputed to be among the most intelligent lizards. Most species forage widely and have large home ranges,[13] and many have high stamina.[14] Although most species are carnivorous, three arboreal species in the Philippines (Varanus olivaceus, Varanus mabitang, and Varanus bitatawa) are primarily frugivores.[1][15] Among species of living varanids, the limbs show positive allometry, being larger in larger-bodied species, although the feet become smaller as compared with the lengths of the other limb segments.[16]

Varanids possess unidirectional pulmonary airflow, including airsacs akin to those of birds.[17]
See also

Aigialosauridae
Helodermatidae
Mosasauridae
Necrosauridae

References

Welton LJ, Siler CD, Bennett D, Diesmos A, Duya MR, Dugay R, et al. (October 2010). "A spectacular new Philippine monitor lizard reveals a hidden biogeographic boundary and a novel flagship species for conservation". Biology Letters. 6 (5): 654–658. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0119. PMC 2936141. PMID 20375042.
Dong L, Wang YQ, Zhao Q, Vasilyan D, Wang Y, Evans SE (March 2022). "A new stem-varanid lizard (Reptilia, Squamata) from the early Eocene of China". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 377 (1847): 20210041. doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0041. PMC 8819366. PMID 35125002.
Fry BG, Vidal N, Norman JA, Vonk FJ, Scheib H, Ramjan SF, et al. (February 2006). "Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes". Nature. 439 (7076): 584–588. Bibcode:2006Natur.439..584F. doi:10.1038/nature04328. PMID 16292255. S2CID 4386245.
de Queiroz K, Gauthier J (1988). "Phylogenetic Relationships within Squamata". In Estes RJ, Pregill GK (eds.). Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families: Essays Commemorating Charles L. Camp. Stanford University Press. p. 166. ISBN 9780804714358. OCLC 16646258.
Conrad J (2008). "Phylogeny and systematics of Squamata (Reptilia) based on morphology". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 310: 1–182. doi:10.1206/310.1. hdl:2246/5915. S2CID 85271610.
Warner R (June 1946). "Pectoral Girdles vs. Hyobranchia in the Snake Genera Liotyphlops and Anomalepis". Science. The Royal Society. 103 (2686): 720–722. Bibcode:1997RSPTB.352...53L. doi:10.1098/rstb.1997.0005. PMC 1691912.
Lee MS (June 2005). "Molecular evidence and marine snake origins". Biology Letters. 1 (2): 227–230. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0282. PMC 1626205. PMID 17148173.
Vidal N, Marin J, Sassi J, Battistuzzi FU, Donnellan S, Fitch AJ, et al. (October 2012). "Molecular evidence for an Asian origin of monitor lizards followed by Tertiary dispersals to Africa and Australasia". Biology Letters. 8 (5): 853–855. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0460. PMC 3441001. PMID 22809723.
Gauthier JA, Kearney M, Maisano JA, Rieppel O, Behlke AD (2012). "Assembling the Squamate Tree of Life: Perspectives from the Phenotype and the Fossil Record". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 53 (1): 3–308. doi:10.3374/014.053.0101. S2CID 86355757.
Wiens JJ, Kuczynski CA, Townsend T, Reeder TW, Mulcahy DG, Sites JW (December 2010). "Combining phylogenomics and fossils in higher-level squamate reptile phylogeny: molecular data change the placement of fossil taxa". Systematic Biology. 59 (6): 674–688. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syq048. PMID 20930035.
Townsend T, Larson A, Louis E, Macey JR (October 2004). "Molecular phylogenetics of squamata: the position of snakes, amphisbaenians, and dibamids, and the root of the squamate tree". Systematic Biology. 53 (5): 735–757. doi:10.1080/10635150490522340. PMID 15545252.
Conrad JL, Balcarcel AM, Mehling CM (2012). "Earliest example of a giant monitor lizard (Varanus, Varanidae, Squamata)". PLOS ONE. 7 (8): e41767. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...741767C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041767. PMC 3416840. PMID 22900001.
Perry G, Garland Jr T (2002). "Lizard home ranges revisited: effects of sex, body size, diet, habitat, and phylogeny" (PDF). Ecology. 83 (7): 1870–1885. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1870:LHRREO]2.0.CO;2.
Clemente CJ, Withers PC, Thompson GG (2009). "Metabolic rate and endurance capacity in Australian varanid lizards (Squamata; Varanidae; Varanus)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 97 (3): 664–676. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01207.x.
Greene HW (1986). Diet and Arboreality in the Emerald Monitor, Varanus prasinus, with Comments on the Study of Adaptation. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History. OCLC 14915452. OL 7155983M.
Christian A, Garland Jr T (1996). "Scaling of limb proportions in monitor lizards (Squamata: Varanidae)" (PDF). Journal of Herpetology. 30 (2): 219–230. doi:10.2307/1565513. JSTOR 1565513.
Unidirectional Airflow In The Lungs Of Birds, Crocs And Now Monitor Lizards