Macrovipera lebetina

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Lepidosauromorpha
Superordo: Lepidosauria
Ordo: Squamata
Subordo: Serpentes
Infraordo: Caenophidia
Superfamilia: Viperoidea

Familia: Viperidae
Subfamilia: Viperinae
Genus: Macrovipera
Species: Macrovipera lebetina
Subspecies (5): M. l. cernovi – M. l. lebetina – M. l. obtusa – M. l. transmediterranea – M. l. turanica
Name

Macrovipera lebetina (Linnaeus, 1758)

Holotype: not designated (formerly MAFR). [lost fide Andersson (1899: 29)]

Type locality: “Oriente” [= Eastern Asia], restricted to “Cyprus” by Mertens & Müller (1928: 52).
Combinations

Coluber lebetinus Linnaeus, 1758: 218 [original combination]
Vipera lebetina — Wall, 1908: 804 [subsequent combination]
Macrovipera lebetina — Herrmann, Joger & Nilson, 1992: 388 [subsequent combination]

References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio Decima, Reformata. Tomus I. Holmiæ (Stockholm): impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. 824 pp. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542 BHL Reference page.

Links

Uetz, P. & Hallermann, J. 2022. Macrovipera lebetina. The Reptile Database. Accessed on 23 July 2019.

Vernacular names
čeština: Zmije levantská
Deutsch: Levanteotter
Ελληνικά: Φίνα
English: Levant Viper
עברית: צפע מזרחי
magyar: Levantei vipera
հայերեն: Գյուրզա
ქართული: გიურზა
қазақша: Гюрза
Nederlands: Levantijnse adder
русский: Гюрза
Türkmençe: Göklors
Türkçe: Koca engerek
українська: Гюрза

Macrovipera lebetinus is a venomous viper species found in North Africa, much of the Middle East, and as far east as Kashmir. Five subspecies are currently recognized, including the nominate race described here.[4]

Common names

Common names for this viper include: blunt-nosed viper, Lebetine viper, Levant viper,[3] Levantine viper,[5] Levantine adder,[6] kufi or kufi viper (from Arabic), gjurza (from Russian),[3] coffin snake, Levante viper, mountain viper,[7] gunas (from Kashmiri), fina or kontonoura (the second comes from the translation of Greek Cypriot dialect for "short-tailed").
Taxonomy

This species is currently subject to review. It is likely that certain subspecies will soon be elevated to valid species status. The nominate subspecies was restricted to Cyprus in 1928 by Mertens and Müller and so does not actually occur in the Levant region.[3]

The populations found in southern Afghanistan, (Kashmir) and northern India are sometimes referred to as a separate subspecies: M. l. peilei. These normally have semidivided supraoculars.[3]

Vipera Euphratica was originally used to refer to the populations that occur in the Euphrates river basin of Turkey, Syria and Iraq. It was synonymized with M. l. obtusa in several publications, including Joger (1984).[3] However, Golay et al. (1993) include it in the synonymy of M. l. lebetina.[2]

Obst (1983) suggested inclusion of the species in the genus Daboia instead of Macrovipera.
Subspecies

Subspecies[4]	Taxon author[4]	Common name[8]	Geographic range[3]
M. l. cernovi	(Chikin & Szczerbak, 1992)		Northeast Iran, southern Turkmenistan, parts of northern Afghanistan and Pakistan (Kashmir).
M. l. lebetina	(Linnaeus, 1758)	Cypriot blunt-nosed viper	Cyprus
M. l. obtusa	(Dwigubsky, 1832)	Levant blunt-nosed viper	Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, north Jordan, Caucasus (incl. Armenia), Azerbaijan, Dagestan, Iran, southern Afghanistan, Pakistan (Kashmir), and north India
M. l. transmediterranea	(Nilson & Andrén, 1988)		Algeria, Tunisia
M. l. turanica	(Chernov, 1940)	Turan blunt-nosed viper	Eastern Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southwestern Kazakhstan, parts of northern Afghanistan and western Pakistan

Description
Macrovipera lebetina

This is a large snake, with females reaching 150 cm (59.1 in) in total length (body + tail) and males a little less. Sizes vary among different populations, with M. l. lebetina being somewhat smaller.[3]

The head is broad, triangular, and distinct from the neck. The snout is rounded and blunt when viewed from above, which is why it is also called the blunt-nosed viper. The nasal and nasorostral scales are almost completely fused into a single plate, although some variation occurs.[3]

The dorsal scales are strongly keeled, except for those bordering the ventrals. M. l. lebetina usually has 146-163 ventral scales. The anal scale is single.[3]

The color pattern is less varied than one might expect from a species that is so widely distributed. The head is normally uniformly colored, although it can occasionally be marked with a dark V-shape. Dorsally, the ground color of the body can be gray, brown, beige, pinkish, olive, or khaki. The pattern, if present, is darker. It can be gray, bluish, rust, or brown in color, and may consist of a middorsal row or double row of large spots. When two rows are present, the spots may alternate or oppose, which can produce anything from a saddled to a continuous zigzag pattern. The spots are usually brown, dark gray, or black, but are sometimes red, brick, yellow, or olive in color.[3] Males are usually 3 and a half feet (1.1 m) in total length, while females may attain a total length of 5 feet (1.5 m).
Habitat

It may be found under short trees with thick shade if the outside temperature is greater than 45° Celsius.
Geographic range

The blunt-nosed viper can be found in Algeria, Tunisia, Cyprus, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Russian Caucasia, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Kashmir, India.

Scortecci (1929) also reported this species from Yemen.

The type locality originally given was "Oriente". Mertens and L. Müller (1928) suggested restricting the range to "Cypern" (= Cyprus).[2]
Conservation status

Lebetine vipers are endangered. The species is listed as strictly protected (Appendix II) under the Berne Convention.[9]
References

Aghasyan, A., Ananjeva, N.B., Böhme, W., Cogălniceanu, D., Hraoui-Bloquet, S., Lymberakis, P., Orlov, N.L., Sadek, R., Sevinç, M., Tok, C.V., Tuniyev, B., Ugurtas, I.H., Werner, Y.L., Wilkinson, J., Borkin, L., Milto, K., Golynsky, E., Rustamov, A, Nuridjanov, D., Munkhbayar, K. & Giri, V. (2021). "Macrovipera lebetina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T157295A750117. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T157295A750117.en. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington: District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
"Macrovipera lebetina". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 9 August 2006.
Macrovipera lebetinus at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 9 January 2020.
Brown JH. 1973. Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. 184 pp. LCCCN 73-229. ISBN 0-398-02808-7.
U.S. Navy. 1991. Poisonous Snakes of the World. United States Government. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. ISBN 0-486-26629-X.
Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.

Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, Appendix II at Council of Europe. Accessed 9 October 2006.

Further reading

Al-Oran R, Rostum S, Joger U, Amr Z. 1998. First record of the Levantine Viper, Macrovipera lebetina, from Jordan. Zoology in the Middle East (Heidelberg) 16: 65-70.
Arnold N, Burton JA. 1978. A Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe. London: Collins. 272 pp. ISBN 0-00-219318-3. (Vipera lebetina, p. 224 + Plate 40 + map on p. 113).
Boulenger GA. 1887. List of reptiles and batrachians from Cyprus. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 20: 344-345.
Boulenger GA. 1890. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia. London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor & Francis, printers). xviii + 541 pp. (Vipera lebetina, p. 421).
Boulenger GA. 1896. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the ... Viperidæ. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I.- XXV. (Vipera lebetina, pp. 487–490).
Engelmann W-E, Fritzsche J, Günther R, Obst FJ. 1993. Lurche und Kriechtiere Europas. Radebeul, Germany: Neumann Verlag. 440 pp. (including 324 color plates, 186 figures, 205 maps).
Golay P, Smith HM, Broadley DG, Dixon JR, McCarthy CJ, Rage J-C, Schätti B, Toriba M. 1993. Endoglyphs and Other Major Venomous Snakes of the World. A Checklist. Geneva: Azemiops Herpetological Data Center. 478 pp.
Gray JE. 1849. Catalogue of the Specimens of Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. London: Trustees of the British Museum. (Edward Newman, printer). xv + 125 pp. ("Daboia Euphratica", pp. 116–117).
Herrmann H-W, Joger U, Lenk P, Wink M. 1999. Morphological and molecular phylogenies of viperines: conflicting evidence? Kaupia (Darmstadt) (8): 21-30.
Herrmann H-W, Joger U, Nilson G. 1992. Phylogeny and systematics of viperine snakes. III. Resurrection of the genus Macrovipera Reuss, 1927, as suggested by biochemical evidence. Amphibia-Reptilia 13 (4): 375-392.
Linnaeus C. 1758. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, diferentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio Decima, Reformata. Stockholm: L. Salvius. 824 pp. (Coluber lebetinus, p. 218).
Mertens R, Müller L. 1928. Liste der Amphibien und Reptilian Europas. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft (Frankfurt am Main) 41: 1-62.
Obst FJ. 1983. Zur Kenntnis der Schlangengattung Vipera. Zool. Abh. staatl. Mus. Tierkunde (Dresden) 38: 229-235.