Gallotia

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Lepidosauromorpha
Superordo: Lepidosauria
Ordo: Squamata
Cladus: Unidentata Episquamata

Subordo: Lacertoidea
Infraordo: Lacertibaenia

Familia: Lacertidae
Subfamilia: Gallotiinae
Genus: Gallotia
Species (8 + †1): G. atlantica – G. auaritae – G. bravoana – G. caesaris – G. galloti – †G. goliath – G. intermedia – G. simonyi – G. stehlini
Name

Gallotia Boulenger, 1916

Type species: Lacerta galloti Oudart, 1839, by subsequent designation by Arnold (1973: 295).

Combinations

Lacerta (Gallotia) Boulenger, 1916: 3 [original status, as subgenus]
Gallotia — Arnold, 1973: 349 [subsequent status, elevate to genus]

References
Primary references

Boulenger, G.A. 1916. On the lizards allied to Lacerta muralis with an account of Lacerta agilis and L. parva. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 21(1): 1–104. DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1916.tb00480.x Paywall; BHL Reference page.

Additional references

Barahona, F., Evans, S.E., Mateo, J.A., García-Márquez, M. & López-Jurado, L.F. 2000. Endemism, gigantism and extinction in island lizards: the genus Gallotia on the Canary Islands. Journal of Zoology 250(3): 373–388. DOI: 10.1017/S0952836900003101 Paywall Reference page.
Maca-Meyer, N., Carranza, S., Rando, J.C., Arnold, E.N. & Cabrera, V.M. 2003. Status and relationships of the extinct giant Canary Island lizard Gallotia goliath (Reptilia: Lacertidae), assessed using ancient mtDNA from its mummified remains. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 80(4): 659–670. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2003.00265.x Open access Reference page.
Cox, S.C., Carranza, S. & Brown, R.P. 2010. Divergence times and colonization of the Canary Islands by Gallotia lizards. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56(2): 747–757. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.03.020 Paywall Reference page.
Mateo, J.A., Crochet, P.-A. & Afonso, O.M. 2011. The species diversity of the genus Gallotia (Sauria: Lacertidae) during the Holocene on La Gomera (Canary Islands) and the Latin names of Gomeran giant lizards. Zootaxa 2755(1): 66–68. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2755.1.4 Paywall Reference page.

Links

Uetz, P. & Hallermann, J. 2021. Gallotia . The Reptile Database. Accessed on 23 August 2021.

The genus Gallotia are the lacertids (wall lizards) of the Canary Islands. This genus consists of a group that has been evolving there ever since the first islands emerged from the sea over 20 million years ago. The endemic species and subspecies of this group have a number of characteristics that make them quite special within their family (Lacertidae); their only close relatives are the sandrunner lizards (Psammodromus) of the western Mediterranean region. Gallotia are characteristic for eating significant quantities of plants, and for several lineages having evolved insular gigantism.
Systematics and biogeography

This genus can be broadly divided into two groups - lineages originating from the colonization of the earliest Canary Islands of Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and Gran Canaria, probably between 10-20 million years ago, and a lineage that colonised the younger western islands probably less than 10 million years. ago (Cox et al., 2010). Both lineages contain large and small species.

MtDNA analyses indicate that Lanzarote and Fuerteventura were colonized first and this led to the small body-sized G.atlantica which is present today (Cox et al., 2010). Gran Canaria was the next island to have been colonized from Lanzarote/Fuerteventura, giving rise to the large body-sized species, G. stehlini (Cox et al., 2010). Finally, the clade that colonized the younger western islands was likely to have originated from Lanzarote/Fuerteventura. This western island clade diverged into two groups, all of which colonized Tenerife, La Palma, La Gomera and El Hierro, leading to 1) a medium-bodied (e.g., G. caesaris from El Hierro) and 2) a large bodied "giant" species (e.g., G. simonyi from El Hierro) on each of these islands (note that G. intermedia from Tenerife belongs to the "giant" group, but present-day individuals are not that large). The giant species now exist, at best, in small relict populations, while G. auritae may be extinct on La Palma. (These patterns are based on analyses of mtDNA.) It is possible that remains of extinct giant forms will eventually be discovered on Fuerteventura & Lanzarote.

Prehistoric remains were assigned to the taxa G. goliath and G. maxima, the former supposedly occurring on several islands, the latter only on Tenerife. It was eventually determined, however, that G. maxima is a junior synonym of G. goliath, and that the latter was very close to G. simonyi; supposed goliath specimens from El Hierro, La Gomera, and La Palma are probably just extremely large individuals of, respectively, G. simonyi, G. bravoana, and G. auaritae (Barahona et al. 2000). However, a mummified giant specimen from Tenerife yielded ancient DNA remains, and by analysis of this, it was concluded that G. goliath is a valid species that probably was restricted to Tenerife, and apparently was closer to G. intermedia than to G. simonyi (Maca-Meyer et al. 2003).
Distribution of small, large, and giant species of Gallotia, going west to east.
Extant, not endangered = blue. Extant, critically endangered = purple. Extinct = red. Introduced = gray. El Hierro La Palma La Gomera Tenerife Gran Canaria Fuerteventura Lanzarote
Small G. caesaris G. galloti G. caesaris G. galloti G. atlantica G. atlantica G. atlantica
Large G. intermedia
Giant G. simonyi G. auaritae G. bravoana G. goliath G. stehlini G. stehlini

Basal group

Gallotia atlantica - Atlantic Lizard[1]
Gallotia atlantica atlantica
Gallotia atlantica mahoratae
Gallotia stehlini - Gran Canaria Giant Lizard[2]

Western clade
Large species

Gallotia simonyi - Simony's Lizard[3]
Gallotia simonyi simonyi - Roque Chico de Salmor Giant Lizard, extinct (c.1930s)
Gallotia simonyi machadoi - El Hierro Giant Lizard
Gallotia bravoana - La Gomera Giant Lizard, formerly G. (simonyi) gomerana and G. simonyi bravoana (Miras & Pérez-Mellado 2005a)[4]
Gallotia auaritae - La Palma Giant Lizard[5]
Gallotia goliath - Tenerife Giant Lizard, subfossil; includes G. maxima
Gallotia intermedia - Tenerife Speckled Lizard[6]

Small species

Gallotia caesaris - Boettger's Lizard[7]
Gallotia caesaris caesaris
Gallotia caesaris gomerae
Gallotia galloti - Tenerife Lizard or Western Canaries Lizard[8]
Gallotia galloti eisentrauti
Gallotia galloti galloti
Gallotia galloti insulanagae
Gallotia galloti palmae

References

Barahona, F.; Evans, S. E.; Mateo, J.A.; García-Márquez, M. & López-Jurado, L.F. (2000): Endemism, gigantism and extinction in island lizards: the genus Gallotia on the Canary Islands. J. Zool. 250(3): 373-388. doi:10.1017/S0952836900003101 (HTML abstract)
Cox, S. C.; Carranza S.; Brown R. P. (2010): Divergence times and colonization of the Canary Islands by Gallotia lizards. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution 56: 747-757. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.03.020
European Environment Agency (2006) European Nature Information System (EUNIS): Gallotia. Downloaded on 18 May 2006.
Filson, R.P. (2000): Island Biogeography and Evolution: Solving a Phylogenetic Puzzle Using Molecular Genetics. Downloaded on 11 May 2006.
Maca-Meyer, N.; Carranza, S.; Rando, J.C.; Arnold, E.N. & Cabrera, V.M. (2003): Status and relationships of the extinct giant Canary Island lizard Gallotia goliath (Reptilia: Lacertidae), assessed using ancient mtDNA from its mummified remains. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 80(4): 659–670. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2003.00265.x (HTML abstract)
Jose Antonio Mateo Miras; Iñigo Martínez-Solano (2009). "Gallotia auaritae". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2009: e.T61501A12492629. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T61501A12492629.en. Retrieved 3 January 2018. Database entry includes a range map and a brief justification of why this species is listed as critically endangered
Jose Antonio Mateo Miras; Valentin Pérez-Mellado; Iñigo Martínez-Solano (2009). "Gallotia bravoana". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2009: e.T61502A12493034. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T61502A12493034.en. Retrieved 3 January 2018. Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is critically endangered
Jose Antonio Mateo Miras; Valentin Pérez-Mellado; Iñigo Martínez-Solano (2009). "Gallotia intermedia". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2009: e.T61505A12494026. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T61505A12494026.en. Retrieved 3 January 2018. Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is critically endangered
Jose Antonio Mateo Miras; Valentin Pérez-Mellado; Iñigo Martínez-Solano (2009). "Gallotia simonyi". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2009: e.T8881A12935900. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T8881A12935900.en. Retrieved 3 January 2018. Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is critically endangered

Footnotes

Gallotia atlantica at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 15 April 2014.
Gallotia stehlini at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 18 June 2014.
Gallotia simonyi at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 15 April 2014.
Gallotia bravoana at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 18 June 2014.
Gallotia auaritae at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 18 June 2014.
Gallotia intermedia at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 18 June 2014.
Gallotia caesaris at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 15 April 2014.
Gallotia galloti at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 15 April 2014.