Dipsadinae

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Lepidosauromorpha
Superordo: Lepidosauria
Ordo: Squamata
Subordo: Serpentes
Infraordo: Caenophidia
Superfamilia: Colubroidea

Familia: Dipsadidae
Subfamilia: Dipsadinae
Tribus: Dipsadini - Imantodini
Overview of genera

Atractus – Eridiphas – Geophis – Hypsiglena – Imantodes – Leptodeira – Ninia – Nothopsis – Pseudoleptodeira – Sibon – Sibynomorphus – Tretanorhinus – Trimetopon
References

Grazziotin, F.G.; Zaher, H.; Murphy, R.W.; Scrocchi, G.; Benavides, M.A.; Zhang, Y.-P.; Bonatto, S.L. 2011: Molecular phylogeny of the New World Dipsadidae (Serpentes: Colubroidea): a reappraisal. [1]
Myers, C.W. 2011: A new genus and new tribe for Enicognathus melanauchen Jan, 1863, a neglected South American snake (Colubridae: Xenodontinae), with taxonomic notes on some Dipsadinae. American Museum novitates, (3715)

Vernacular names
suomi: Kotilokäärmeet

Dipsadinae is a large subfamily of colubroid snakes, sometimes referred to as a family (Dipsadidae).[3][4][5][6][7] They are found in most of the Americas, including the West Indies, and are most diverse in South America.[8][9] There are more than 700 species.[7]

Dipsadinae are an ecologically and morphologically diverse group of mostly small to moderate-sized snakes (typically less than 80 cm (31 in) in total length). Some are arboreal, but others are aquatic or terrestrial and may even burrow. Most are oviparous.[9] Many eat frogs or lizards, and some consume mammals and birds. Several genera (e.g. Adelphicos, Atractus, Geophis, Dipsas, Ninia, Sibon, Sibynomorphus, Tropidodipsas) are specialized feeders on gooey and slimy prey, such as frog eggs, earthworms, snails, and slugs.[10][11][12][13][14] Almost all species are completely harmless to humans, although a few genera (e.g. Borikenophis, Cubophis, Heterodon, Hydrodynastes, Philodryas) have inflicted painful bites with local, non-life-threatening symptoms.[15]

Synonymy

Some authors refer to part or all of this group as Xenodontinae, but if the two names are used synonymously, Dipsadinae is the correct name because it is older.[4] When Xenodontinae is used non-synonymously, it normally refers to the larger and more derived South American-Caribbean subclade containing the genus Xenodon and its relatives, whereas Dipsadinae sensu stricto is restricted to the smaller and more basal Central American subclade containing the genus Dipsas and its relatives.[8][16] Also, a third North American group (sometimes called "Carphophiinae") contains nine species in five genera at the base of the Dipsadinae (the "North American relicts" thought to have descended from the ancestors of dipsadines as they crossed from Asia to South America by way of North America; genera Heterodon, Farancia, Diadophis, Carphophis, and Contia).[17]
Genera

Within the Dipsadinae, the three major groups/clades or subfamilies are the Central American group ("Dipsadinae" sensu stricto), the South American + Caribbean group ("Xenodontinae"), and a small North American group (sometimes called the "Carphophiinae" or, incorrectly, "Heterodontinae").[a][17] In addition, a number of snake genera are likely to be dipsadines based on their morphology and geographic range, but because of the absence of genetic data and information about their closest relatives, they are considered genera incertae sedis and are not currently placed in a subgroup of the Dipsadinae.
Central American clade ("Dipsadinae" sensu stricto)

Adelphicos Jan, 1862
Amastridium Cope, 1861
Atractus Wagler, 1828
Cenaspis Campbell, Smith & Hall, 2018
Chersodromus Reinhardt, 1861
Coniophanes Hallowell, 1860
Cryophis Bogert & Duellman, 1963
Dipsas Laurenti, 1768
Geophis Wagler, 1830
Hypsiglena Cope, 1860
Imantodes A.M.C. Duméril, 1853
Leptodeira Fitzinger, 1843
Ninia Baird & Girard, 1853
Plesiodipsas Harvey, Fuenmayor, Portilla & Rueda-Almonacid, 2008
Pliocercus
Pseudoleptodeira Taylor, 1938
Rhadinaea Cope, 1863
Sibon Fitzinger, 1826
Tretanorhinus A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854
Trimetopon Cope, 1885
Tropidodipsas Günther, 1858
Urotheca Bibron, 1843

South American + Caribbean clade ("Xenodontinae")

Tribe Saphenophiini Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
Saphenophis Myers, 1973
Pseudalsophis Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
Tribe Psomophiini Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
Psomophis Myers & Cadle, 1994
Tribe Elapomorphiini Jan, 1862
Apostolepis Cope, 1861
Coronelaps Lema & Deiques, 2010
Elapomorphus Wiegmann, 1843
Phalotris Cope, 1862
Tribe Tropidodryadini Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
Tropidodryas Fitzinger, 1843
Tribe Tachymenini Bailey, 1967
Calamodontophis Amaral, 1963
Gomesophis Hoge & Mertens, 1959
Pseudotomodon Koslowski, 1896
Ptychophis Gomes, 1915
Tachymenis Wiegmann, 1835
Thamnodynastes Wagler, 1830
Tomodon A.M.C. Duméril, 1853
Tribe Echinantherini Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
Echinanthera Cope, 1894
Taeniophallus Cope, 1895
Tribe Amnesteophiini Myers, 2011
Amnesteophis Myers, 2011
Tribe Caateboiini Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
Caaeteboia Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
Tribe Pseudoboini Bailey, 1967
Boiruna Zaher, 1996
Clelia Fitzinger, 1826
Drepanoides Dunn, 1928
Mussurana Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
Oxyrhopus Wagler, 1830
Paraphimophis Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto, 2012
Phimophis Cope, 1860
Pseudoboa Schneider, 1801
Rhachidelus Boulenger, 1908
Rodriguesophis Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto, 2012
Siphlophis Fitzinger, 1843
Tribe Philodryadini Cope, 1886
Chlorosoma Wagler, 1830
Ditaxodon Hoge, 1958
Incaspis Donoso-Barros, 1974
Philodryas Wagler, 1830
Xenoxybelis Machado, 1993
Tribe Conophiini Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
Conophis W. Peters, 1860
Manolepis Cope, 1885
Tribe Hydrodynastini Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
Hydrodynastes Fitzinger, 1843
Tribe Hydropsini Dowling, 1975
Helicops Wagler, 1828
Hydrops Wagler, 1830
Pseudoeryx Fitzinger, 1826
Tribe Xenodontini Bonaparte, 1845
Arcanumophis Smaga, Ttito, & Catenazzi, 2019
Baliodryas Zaher & Prudente, 2019
Erythrolamprus Wagler, 1830
Eutrachelophis Myers & McDowell, 2014
Lygophis Fitzinger, 1843
Xenodon H. Boie, 1826
Tribe Alsophiini Fitzringer, 1843
Alsophis Fitzinger, 1843
Arrhyton Günther, 1858
Borikenophis Hedges & Vidal, 2009
Caraiba Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
Cubophis Hedges & Vidal, 2009
Haitiophis Hedges & Vidal, 2009
Hypsirhynchus Günther, 1858
Ialtris Cope, 1862
Magliophis Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
Uromacer A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854

North American clade ("Carphophiinae")

Carphophis Gervais, 1843
Contia Girard, 1853
Diadophis Girard, 1853
Farancia Gray, 1842
Heterodon Latreille (in Sonnini and Latreille), 1801

Genera incertae sedis

Cercophis Fitzinger, 1843
Crisantophis Villa, 1971
Diaphorolepis Jan, 1863
Emmochliophis Fritts & H.M. Smith, 1969
Enuliophis McCranie & Villa, 1993
Enulius Cope, 1870
Hydromorphus W. Peters, 1859
Lioheterophis Amaral, 1935
Nothopsis Cope 1871
Omoadiphas G. Köhler, Wilson & McCranie, 2001
Rhadinella H.M. Smith, 1941
Rhadinophanes Myers & Campbell, 1981
Sordellina Procter, 1923
Synophis Peracca 1896
Tantalophis Duellman, 1958
Thermophis Malnate, 1953 (the only Asian genus, likely at the base of the entire clade or at the base of the Dipdadinae + Natricinae clade)[20][21]

Notes

"Heterodontinae" is a subfamily of sharks; this problem is discussed in Appendix I of Grazziotin, F. G., H. Zaher, R. W. Murphy, G. Scrocchi, M. A. Benavides, Y.-P. Zhang, and S. L. Bonattoh (2012):[18] "The shark family Heterodontidae (based on the genus Heterodontus Blainville, 1816) dates from Gray (1851: 65), but its use as the snake family Heterodontidae (based on the genus Heterodon Latreille, 1801) dates from Bonaparte (1845) and it has not been used in the literature since. Thus both the genus and family names for snakes have priority over the sharks. However, the resurrection of the family name Heterodontidae for snakes (subfamily Heterodontinae in Vidal et al., 2007) causes unnecessary confusion owing to the long-standing use of the name for sharks (e.g. Compagno, 2002; Baldwin, 2005). Consequently, Rossman and Wilson (1965) and Zaher et al. (2009) argued that the family name should be applied only to sharks in the interest of maintaining nomenclatorial stability, a position that contrasts strongly with that of Vidal et al. (2007, 2010). According to Art. 52.2 of the Code, when two names ‘‘are homonyms, only the senior, as determined by the Principle of Priority, may be used as a valid name’’. We believe that if this clade of snakes continuously appears in phylogenetic studies, then it is desirable to petition the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to set aside use of the family name for the snakes in favor of the sharks in the interest of nomenclatorial stability. An alternative nomenclature would be to change the spelling of the shark family to Heterodontusidae. In any case, we suggest the North American relictual Xenodontinae (sensu Pinou, 1993; Pinou et al., 2004) should not be referred to as the subfamily Heterodontinae until a well defined nomenclatural resolution is obtained." See also Rossman, D. A. and L. D. Wilson (1965).[19]

References

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Figueroa, A.; McKelvy, A. D.; Grismer, L. L.; Bell, C. D.; Lailvaux, S. P. (2016). "A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus". PLOS ONE. 11 (9): e0161070. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161070. PMC 5014348. PMID 27603205.
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