Crotalus simus

Crotalus simus (*)

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Lepidosauromorpha
Superordo: Lepidosauria
Ordo: Squamata
Cladus: Unidentata, Episquamata
Cladus: Toxicofera
Subordo: Serpentes
Infraordo: Caenophidia
Superfamilia: Viperoidea

Familia: Viperidae
Subfamilia: Crotalinae
Genus: Crotalus
Species: Crotalus simus
Name

Crotalus simus Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille, 1801: 202

Type material: not designated.
Type locality: “Ceylon” (in error).

References
Primary references

Sonnini, C.-N.-S. & Latreille, P.-A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle des Reptiles, avec Figures Déssinnées d'après Nature. 4 volumes: 1, 2, 3, 4. Imprimerie de Crapelet, Chez Deterville libraire: Paris. Reference page.

Additional references

Campbell, J.A. & Lamar, W.W. 2004. The venomous reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock, Ithaca, NY.
Savage, J.M.; Campbell, J.A. & Lamar, W.W. 2005. On names for Neotropical Rattlesnakes (Reptilia: Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalus). Herpetological Review 36: 369–371.
Wüster, W.; Ferguson, J.E.; Quijada-Mascareñas, J.A.; Pook, C.E.; Salomão, M.G. & Thorpe, R.S. 2005. Tracing an invasion: landbridges, refugia and the phylogeography of the Neotropical rattlesnake (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalus durissus). Molecular Ecology 14: 1095–1108. PDF
Carbajal-Márquez, R.A., Cedeño-Vázquez, J.R., Martínez-Arce, A., Neri-Castro, E. & Machkour-M’Rabet, S.C. 2020. Accessing cryptic diversity in Neotropical rattlesnakes (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalus) with the description of two new species. Zootaxa 4729(4): 451–481. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4729.4.1 Paywall Reference page.

Links

Uetz, P. & Hallermann, J. 2023. Crotalus simus. The Reptile Database. Accessed on 20 July 2020.
Dwyer, Q., Lamar, W., Porras, L.W., Solórzano, A., Sunyer, J. & Chaves, G. 2014. IUCN: Crotalus simus (Least Concern). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T197480A2488426. DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T197480A2488426.en

Vernacular names
English: Central American Rattlesnake
español: Cascabel Centroamericana

Common names: Middle American rattlesnake,[2] Central American rattlesnake,[4] tzabcan (local name for subspecies C. s. tzabcan)

Crotalus simus is a venomous pit viper species found in Mexico and Central America. The specific epithet is Latin for "flat-nosed", likely because its head is blunt compared with lanceheads (Bothrops). Three subspecies are recognized, including the nominate subspecies described here.[5]
Description

Adults commonly exceed 130 cm (51 in) in length, with males growing larger than females. Large males reach 140–160 cm (55–63 in) in some populations. The maximum length is 180 cm (71 in).[2]

The body has a rough appearance because the dorsal scale keels are accentuated into protuberances or tuberculations. This is most apparent on the scale rows on either side of the body with a decreasing intensity in the lower rows. The vertebral scales are about as prominently keeled as the fourth row down on the flanks (with the vertebral scales as the first row).[4]
Distribution and habitat

The species is found from Mexico in southwestern Michoacán on the Pacific coast, and Veracruz and the Yucatan Peninsula on the Atlantic coast, south through Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua to west-central Costa Rica. It is absent from Panama, but apparently does occur on the Atlantic side of Colombia.[2] The type locality given is "Ceylan", which is incorrect.[3] Its habitats are semiarid, including dry or very dry tropical forests, thorn woodland, and arid scrub forest. It also occurs in mesic forests with relatively dry, open areas.[2]
Uses

To the Mayans, the Yucatan subspecies (C. s. tzabcan) is greatly revered. The word tzabcan means rattlesnake in Mayan. What the rattlesnake actually symbolizes is unknown, but many temples have carved rattlesnake shapes. Shamans also dry and roast snakes, grinding them into a powder used as medicine.[citation needed]
Venom

Bites are similar to rattlesnake bites in the United States. Local symptoms may be severe, with pain, massive swelling, blistering, and necrosis that lead to fasciotomies and in some cases amputations. Systemic effects involving hemostatic disturbances are rare, as are kidney failure, and neurotoxicity. Only venom from neonates contains crotoxin; a constituent typically found in C. durissus venom that produces neurotoxic symptoms.[6]
Taxonomy

Previously, until 2004, the description for this form was listed as the nominate subspecies for the tropical rattlesnake, C. durissus.[3] Molecular genetic data suggest the taxa culminatus and tzabcan should be considered as separate species from C. simus[7]
References

Dwyer, Q.; Lamar, W.; Porras, L.W.; Solórzano, A.; Sunyer, J.; Chaves, G. (2014). "Crotalus simus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T197480A2488426. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T197480A2488426.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
Campbell, J.A.; Lamar W.W. (2004). The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. pp. 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2..
McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
Klauber LM. 1997. Rattlesnakes: Their Habitats, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind. Second Edition. 2 volumes. Reprint, University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN 0-520-21056-5.
"Crotalus simus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
Warrell DA. 2004. Snakebites in Central and South America: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Clinical Management. In Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.

Wüster, W., J.E. Ferguson, J.A. Quijada-Mascareñas, C.E. Pook, M.G. Salomão & R.S. Thorpe (2005) Tracing an invasion: landbridges, refugia and the phylogeography of the Neotropical rattlesnake (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalus durissus). Molecular Ecology 14(4): 1095–1108.