Chersobius signatus

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Cladus: Archelosauria
Division: Pan-Testudines
Division: Testudinata
Ordo: Testudines
Subordo: Cryptodira
Superfamilia: Testudinoidea

Familia: Testudinidae
Genus: Homopus
Species: Chersobius signatus
Name

Chersobius signatus (Gmelin, 1789)
Synonyms

Testudo signata
Testudo cafra

Vernacular names
čeština: Želvička trpasličí
Deutsch: Gesägte Flachschildkröte

Chersobius signatus is the world's smallest species of tortoise (family Testudinidae). The species is commonly known as the speckled tortoise[1][8] and also known locally as the speckled padloper[1][9] and internationally as the speckled Cape tortoise.[1] A member of the genus Chersobius, it is endemic to South Africa.[9]
Distribution and subspecies

C. signatus is naturally restricted to a small area in Little Namaqualand, an arid region in the west of South Africa, where it normally lives on rocky outcrops and forages among the rocks for the tiny succulent plants it eats. There are multiple bacteria species and fungi that co-depend on these tortoises as their home. (Galosi 2021).

In the past, two subspecies were recognized, the Namaqualand speckled padloper (C. s. signatus) and the southern speckled padloper (C. s. cafer), but genetic studies have determined this was not supported and they are now considered a single species.[10][7]
Description
Mating speckled tortoises, in captivity in the Prague Zoo

The males of C. signatus measure 6–8 cm (2.4–3.1 in) in straight carapace length, while the larger females measure up to almost 10 cm (3.9 in);[11] they weigh about 95–165 g (3.4–5.8 oz). This species has a flattened shell with slightly serrated edges. The orange-brown shell is covered in hundreds of black spots. The males have a noticeably concave belly.

This tiny tortoise can be distinguished from the other Chersobius species by its speckles, and by five toes on its fore feet (unlike many of its relatives, which have four toes on all four feet).[12]
Life cycle and behaviour

Speckled padlopers are most active in the early morning (especially in autumn and spring, when they breed). Living among the rocky outcrops, they feed on small succulents that grow between the rocks and are small enough to reach. Their courtship involves the male and female nodding their heads at each other. After mating, the female makes a nest of several eggs in damp soil between the rocks. The hatchlings are under 7 grams and 30 mm (1.2 in) long, and emerge after 100 to 120 days. The eggshells have calcareous layers that are crystallized (Loehr). Whi[13] The average mature female speckled tortoise produces about ≤ 5 eggs per year.[14]
Threats and conservation

C. signatus is threatened by traffic on roads, habitat destruction, and poaching for the pet trade. As the trade in collected Chersobius species is strictly illegal and any captive specimens are systematically registered in noncommercial studbooks in South Africa and Namibia, any commercial sale of Chersobius tortoises is almost without exception strictly illegal. Another threat comes from introduced species, such as domestic dogs and pigs.[15][1][16][17]

Many are taken from their natural habitat each year, and nearly all subsequently die as a result, as they do not readily adapt to typical captive diets and environmental change. Unlike most other Chersobius species, however, their diet (while very varied) is not highly specialised. Therefore, the species can adapt well to captivity, provided that proper attention is paid to temperature, humidity, and a sufficiently varied diet. They can be very hardy in captivity, and most problems with captive care are caused by faulty nutrition, high humidity, dampness, or bad husbandry.[18][19][20]
See also

Smallest organisms

References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Homopus signatus.

Hofmeyr, M.D.; Loehr, V.J.T.; Baard, E.H.W. (2018). "Chersobius signatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T10241A115650943. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T10241A115650943.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
Gmelin, Galosi, L., Attili, AR. (2021). Health assessment of mild speckled dwarf tortoises, CHERSOBIUS SIGNATUS. BMC Veterinary Research. Johann Frederic (1789). Caroli a Linné, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Ed. 13. Tom. I. Pars III. Leipzig: G.E. Beer, Ed. 13, 1 (3): 1033–1516. (Testudo signata, new species, p. 1043). (in Latin).
Walbaum, Johann Julius (1782). Chelonographia oder Beschreibung einiger Schildkröten. Lubeck: J.F. Gleditsch, 132 pp. (in German).
Daudin, François Marie (1801). Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles. Tome Second. Paris: Imprimerie F. Dufart. 432 pp. (in French).
Daudin, François Marie (1802). Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles. Tome Quatrième. Paris: Imprimerie F. Dufart. 397 pp. (in French).
Hewitt, John (1935). "Some new forms of batrachians and reptiles from South Africa". Records of the Albany Museum 4: 283–357.
Turtle Taxonomy Working Group [van Dijk, P.P., Iverson, J.B., Rhodin, A.G.J., Shaffer, H.B., and Bour, R.]. 2014. Turtles of the World, 7th edition: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution with maps, and conservation status. In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Pritchard, P.C.H., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Iverson, J.B., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(7):000.329–479, doi:10.3854/ crm.5.000.checklist.v7.2014.
Obst J, Richter K, Jacob U (1988). The Completely Illustrated Atlas of Reptiles and Amphibians for the Terrarium, T.F.H. Press.
Homopus Research Foundation web site (accessed August 24, 2013).
Daniels, S. R.; Hofmeyr, M. D.; Henen, B. T.; Baard, E. H. W. (2010). "Systematics and phylogeography of a threatened tortoise, the speckled padloper: Systematics of a threatened tortoise". Animal Conservation. 13 (3): 237–246. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00323.x.
Branch, Bill (1998). Field Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Third edition. Struik Publishers. ISBN 1-86872-040-3[page needed]
Baard EHW (1994). Cape Tortoises: Their identification and care. Cape Nature Conservation.
Ranger S, du Plessis C (2010). Bergrivier Municipality Biodiversity Report 2010. LAB, IUCN. South Africa. p.32.
Loehr, Victor J.T. (April 2017). "The Journal of Wildlife Management". Unexpected Decline in a Population of Speckled Tortoises. 81: 470–476 – via Web of Science.
"Tortoise Trust Web - Field Research: Homopus". www.tortoisetrust.org.
"Herpetofauna of the Rooi Cederberg Karoo Park".
"National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act 2004". Archived from the original on 2014-08-10. Retrieved 2014-07-30.
Corton, Misty. Homopus (Padloper Tortoise) Care, World Chelonian Trust (retrieved August 20, 2013).
Loehr, Victor. "Namaqualand Speckled Padloper (Homopus s. signatus)", World Chelonian Trust (retrieved August 20, 2013).
Palmer, Mike (1994)."The Speckled Tortoise, Homopus signatus, in Captivity", Archived 2014-07-15 at the Wayback Machine Tortuga Gazette 30 (6): 1–5. June 1994.