Chelonoidis chilensis

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Cladus: Archelosauria
Division: Pan-Testudines
Division: Testudinata
Ordo: Testudines
Subordo: Cryptodira
Superfamilia: Testudinoidea

Familia: Testudinidae
Genus: Chelonoidis
Species: Chelonoidis chilensis
Subspecies: C. c. chilensis – C. c. donosobarrosi – C. c. petersi
Name

Chelonoidis chilensis (Gray, 1870)
Type locality: Mendoza, “Chile”, Argentina
Syntypes: BMNH 1947.3.5.8 and 1947.3.5.9 (both formerly BMNH 70.12.18.2)

Synonyms

Testudo (Gopher) chilensis Gray, 1870
Testudo argentina Sclater 1870 (nomen subst. pro T. chilensis Gray)
Testudo (Chelonoidis) chilensis Williams, 1952
Testudo chilensis Wermuth & Mertens, 1961
Geochelone chilensis Pritchard, 1967
Geochelone petersi (Freiberg, 1973)
Chelonoidis chilensis donosobarrosi (Freiberg, 1973)
Testudo chilensis Kahl et al., 1980: 109
Chelonoidis chilensis Iverson, 1986
Chelonoidis petersi McCord & Joseph-Ouni, 2004

References

Gray, J. E. 1870. Note on Testudo chilensis. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. (4)6:428.
Sánchez, J., Holley, J.A., Poljak, S., Bolzán, A.D. & Bravi, C.M. 2017. Phylogenetic and divergence time analysis of the Chelonoidis chilensis complex (Testudines: Testudinidae). Zootaxa 4320(3): 487–504. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4320.3.5. Reference page.
Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (van Dijk, P.P., Iverson, J.B., Rhodin, A.G.J., Shaffer, H.B. & Bour, R.) 2014. Turtles of the world, 7th edition: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution with maps, and conservation status. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(7):000.329–479 Reference page.

Vernacular names
čeština: Želva chilská
Deutsch: Argentinische Landschildkröte
English: Chaco tortoise
français: Tortue d'Argentine
日本語: チャコリクガメ
português: Jabuti-do-Chaco

The Chaco tortoise (Chelonoidis chilensis), also known commonly as the Argentine tortoise, the Patagonian tortoise, or the southern wood tortoise, is a species of tortoise in the family Testudinidae. The species is endemic to South America.

Geographic range

The Chaco tortoise is mainly found in Argentina, but also in Bolivia and Paraguay, mainly within the Chaco and Monte ecoregions. Its distribution is mainly limited by temperature-related variables, and precipitation in the reproductive period.[3]
Taxonomy

The scientific name for this species, Chelonoidis chilensis, is misleading because it is not native to Chile. It occurs mainly in Argentina, Bolivia and neighboring Paraguay. When the species was first described by Gray in 1870, he mistakenly thought that Mendoza was in Chile instead of Argentina (the city was transfer in 1776), thus the misnomer. Sclater corrected Gray's mistake in the same year. However, the rules of nomenclature give precedence to the name chilensis, even though it was based on an erroneous assumption, and the name has persisted.
Description

The carapace of C. chilensis can measure up to 43.3 cm (but usually less than 25 cm) in a straight line, and may be either totally yellowish brown or have dark-brown to black rings surrounding a tan center on each scute. Specimens found farther south tend to be much larger than those found in farther north populations. The rim of the shell is slightly serrated and has a dark wedge of pigment at the back edge of each scute. The plastron may be uniformly yellowish-brown or have a dark triangular wedge along the seams of each scute. The head, limbs and tail are greyish to yellowish-brown, with the front of each forelimb covered with large, angular scales and each thigh featuring several enlarged tubercles.
Diet

Like all tortoise species, the Chaco tortoise is primarily herbivorous, consuming grasses, shrubs, fruits, and cactus pads.
Species status

There is only one recognized species.[4] However, some researchers believe C. chilensis should be divided into three species: C. chilensis, C. petersi, and C. donosobarrosi. Some support C. donosobarrosi as a subspecies (C. chilensis donosobarrosi). There is research to indicate that it may qualify as a separate species, while C. petersi may just be a variant of C. chilensis, the variances being clinal variations in adjacent populations.[5] However, these taxa mentioned have all been formally synonymised[4] and accepted.[6] The morphological variation is explainable as a factor of elevation.[6] Historically, these have been viewed as separate taxa, with little work done to confirm or deny it. Subsequent molecular analysis has found little to no genetic variation.[7]
Etymology

The specific name (or subspecific name), donosobarrosi, is in honor of Chilean herpetologist Roberto Donoso-Barros and petersi is in honor of the American herpetologist James A. Peters.[8]
References

Tortoise.; Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (1996). "Chelonoidis chilensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T9007A12949680. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T9007A12949680.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Chelonoidis chilensis at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 6 June 2015.
Ruete, A.; Leynaud, G.C. (2015). "Identification of limiting climatic and geographical variables for the distribution of the tortoise Chelonoidis chilensis (Testudinidae): a baseline for conservation actions". PeerJ. 3: e1298. doi:10.7717/peerj.1298. PMC 4636419. PMID 26557430.
Fritz, U.; Alcalde, L.; Ramírez-Vargas, M.; Goode, E.V.; Fabius-Turoblin, D.U.; Praschag, P. (2012a). "Northern genetic richness and southern purity, but just one species in the Chelonoidis chilensis complex". Zoologica Scripta. 41 (3): 220–232. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00533.x. S2CID 86477800.
Melissa Kaplan. "Chaco Tortoises". Retrieved April 29, 2015.
Rhodin, Anders G.J.; van Dijk, Peter Paul; Iverson, John B.; Shaffer, H. Bradley; Roger, Bour (2012). "Turtles of the world, 2012 update: Annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution and conservation status". Chelonian Research Monographs. 5. doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v5.2012. ISBN 978-0965354097.
Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (van Dijk PP, Iverson JB, Rhodin AGJ, Shaffer HB, Bour R). 2014. Turtles of the world, 7th edition: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution with maps, and conservation status.

Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Geochelone donosobarrosi, p. 74).

Bibliography

Rhodin, Anders G.J.; van Dijk, Peter Paul; Iverson, John B.; Shaffer, H. Bradley; Roger, Bour (2012-12-31). "Turtles of the world, 2012 update: Annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution and conservation status" (PDF). Chelonian Research Monographs. 5: 000.xx. doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v5.2012. ISBN 978-0965354097. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-04.
Boulenger GA (1889). Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, and Crocodiles in the British Museum (Natural History). New Edition. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). x + 311 pp. + Plates I-III. ("Testudo argentina", p. 159).
Gray JE (1870). "Notice of a new Chilian [sic] Tortoise (Testudo chilensis)". Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Fourth Series 6: 190. ["Testudo (Gopher) chilensis", new species].