Causus rhombeatus

Causus rhombeatus(*)

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Lepidosauromorpha
Superordo: Lepidosauria
Ordo: Squamata
Subordo: Serpentes
Infraordo: Caenophidia
Superfamilia: Viperoidea

Familia: Viperidae
Subfamilia: Causinae
Genus: Causus
Species: Causus rhombeatus
Name

Causus rhombeatus (Lichtenstein, 1823)

original combination: Coluber rhombeatus

Synonyms

Sepedon rhombeata Lichtenstein, 1823
Coluber v. nigrum F. Boie, 1827
Coluber v. nigrum Cuvier, 1829
Causus rhombeatus Wagler, 1830
Naja rhombeatus Schlegel, 1837
Aspedilaps rhombeatus Jan, 1859
Aspedilaps (Causus) rhombeatus Jan, 1863
Causus rhombeatus Boulenger, 1896
Causus rhombeatus var. taeniata Sternfeld, 1912
Causus rhombeatus rhombeatus Laurent, 1956
Causus rhombeatus Fitzsimons, 1962
Sepedon rhombeatus Elter, 1981
Causus rhombeatus Golay et al., 1993

References

Lichtenstein, M.H.C. 1823. Verzeichniss der Doubletten des zoologischen Museums der Königl. Universität zu Berlin nebst Beschreibung vieler bisher unbekannter Arten von Säugethieren, Vögeln, Amphibien und Fischen. 118 pp. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss./ T. Trautwein, Berlin. Original description p.105 no.77 BHL DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.40281 Reference page.

Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Nagadder
čeština: Pazmije vejcorodá
English: Common night adder
eesti: Rombiline kärnrästik
עברית: צפע לילי מצוי
magyar: Közönséges éjjeli vipera
پنجابی: کاسس رہومبیٹس
русский: Ромбическая жабья гадюка
Simple English: Common night adder
українська: Жаб'яча гадюка ромбічна

Causus rhombeatus, commonly known as the rhombic night adder, is a venomous viper species endemic to subsaharan Africa. No subspecies are currently recognized.[2]

Description

With an average total length (body + tail) of 60 cm (24 in), this is the largest member of the genus Causus. The longest individual ever recorded was a male, 93 cm (37 in) in total length, collected in eastern Zimbabwe.[3]

The head has a snout that is relatively blunt (i.e., more rounded than in other members of this genus), on the sides of which the nostrils are positioned. The circumorbital ring consists of 2-3 preoculars, 1-2 postoculars, and 1-2 suboculars that separate the eye from the supralabials. The temporal scales usually number 2+3, sometimes 2+4, but very rarely 2+2 or 3+3. There are 6 supralabial scales, very rarely 7. The sublabial scales usually number 7 or 10, rarely 8, and very rarely 11, 12 or 13. The first 3-4 sublabials are in contact with the anterior chin shields. The posterior chin shields are small and often indistinguishable from the gulars.[3]

At midbody there are 15-21 rows of dorsal scales that are moderately keeled and have a satiny texture. The ventral scales number 120-166, the subcaudals, most of which are divided, 15–36.[3]

The color pattern consists of a ground color that is usually some shade of brown (possibly pinkish or grayish-brown), but occasionally olive green. This is overlaid with a pattern of 20-30 rhombic blotches that have pale edges, as well as a sprinkling of black scales and oblique black bars on the sides.[4] Each oblique black bar is topped by one or two black spots, each with a pale centre, and strongly resembling an eye. Northern populations may be patternless,[3] making them difficult to identify, while in others the pale edges may be missing, the rhombic blotches may be a darker color, or there may even be a dark brown vertebral stripe. The head has a characteristic V-shaped mark that may be solid black, or brown with a black outline.[4]
Common names

Rhombic night adder,[3][4] demon night adder, Cape night adder,[5] African night adder, Cape viper.[6]
Geographic range

Savannas of subsaharan Africa from Nigeria east to Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia and Kenya, south through Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, DR Congo, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, northern Botswana, Mozambique, Swaziland, and eastern South Africa to Riverdale in the Western Cape Province. No type locality is listed.[1]
Behavior

This is an active species that can often move relatively quickly—up to an estimated speed of 92 cm per second (3 feet per second). They are usually found on the ground, but have no trouble climbing or swimming. They are largely nocturnal, but are often seen basking in the early morning or late afternoon. However, Harper (1963)[full citation needed] reported collecting a dozen specimens that were all active during the heat of the day.[3]

Most specimens are docile, seldom attempting to bite unless severely provoked. FitzSimons is quoted in Pitman (1938)[full citation needed] as saying that, in captivity, they "become so tame that you may allow them to creep, climb and slither round your neck and inside your garments." Others, however, are more temperamental.[3]

When seriously disturbed, they will put on a "ferocious" threat display that includes coiling up, inflating the body (making the dark markings stand out), hissing and puffing loudly, flattening the anterior portion of the body, and striking frantically. They may also flatten the neck and move forward with the tongue extended, much like a small cobra. Striking is done with such vigor that small specimens may lift themselves off the ground entirely.[3][4]
Feeding
A rhombic night adder eating a frog in Mlilwane Wildlife Sanctuary, Swaziland

The diet consists mainly of toads, but it also includes frogs and small mammals.[7]
Reproduction

Females produce an average clutch of two dozen eggs that require a lengthy incubation period of approximately four months. The hatchlings are 10–12.5 cm (3.9–4.9 in) in total length and feed on tiny frogs and toads.[7]
Venom

Rhombic Night Adder bites can be very serious and in at least one bite a child had to have a fasciotomy.[citation needed] The few documented bites involved pain and minor swelling with minimal necrosis. These symptoms usually disappear within 2–3 days. There have been no modern well-documented cases to back up earlier claims of fatalities due to bites from this species.[4] Venom yield has varied from 20 to 30 mg to 300 mg, but the venom toxicity is low with LD50 values of 10.8, 14.6, >16.0 mg/kg IV and 15 mg/kg SC being reported.[3]
References

McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
"Causus rhombeatus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 14 August 2006.
Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.
Brown JH. 1973. Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. 184 pp. LCCCN 73-229. ISBN 0-398-02808-7.
U.S. Navy. 1991. Poisonous Snakes of the World. US Govt. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. ISBN 0-486-26629-X.

Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.