Anolis

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Lepidosauromorpha
Superordo: Lepidosauria
Ordo: Squamata
Cladus: Unidentata Episquamata Toxicofera
Subordo: Iguania

Familia: Dactyloidae
Subfamiliae: Anolinae
Genus: Anolis
Species:
A

A. acutus – A. adleri – A. aeneus – A. aequatorialis – A. agassizi – A. agueroi – A. ahli – A. alayoni – A. alfaroi – A. aliniger – A. allisoni – A. allogus – A. altae – A. altavelensis – A. alumina – A. alutaceus – A. alvarezdeltoroi – A. amplisquamosus – A. anatoloros – A. anchicayae – A. anfiloquioi – A. angusticeps – A. anisolepis – A. annectens – A. antioquiae – A. antonii – A. apletolepis – A. apletophallus – A. apollinaris – A. aquaticus – A. argenteolus – A. argillaceus – A. armouri – A. attenuatus – A. auratus –
B

A. bahorucoensis – A. baleatus – A. baracoae – A. barahonae – A. barbatus – A. barbouri – A. barkeri – A. bartschi – A. beckeri – A. bellipeniculus – A. benedikti – A. bicaorum – A. bimaculatus – A. binotatus – A. biporcatus – A. birama – A. bitectus – A. blanquillanus – A. boettgeri – A. bombiceps – A. bonairensis – A. breedlovei – A. bremeri – A. brevirostris – A. brunneus –
C

A. calimae – A. campbelli – A. capito – A. caquetae – A. carlostoddi – A. carolinensis – A. carpenteri – A. casildae – A. caudalis – A. centralis – A. chamaeleonides – A. charlesmyersi – A. chloris – A. chlorocyanus – A. chlorodius – A. chocorum – A. christophei – A. chrysolepis – A. clivicola – A. cobanensis – A. coelestinus – A. compressicauda – A. concolor – A. confusus – A. conspersus – A. cooki – A. crassulus – A. cristatellus – A. cristifer – A. cryptolimifrons – A. cumingii – A. cupeyalensis – A. cupreus – A. cuprinus – A. cuscoensis – A. cusuco – A. cuvieri – A. cyanopleurus – A. cyanostictus – A. cybotes – A. cymbops –
D

A. damulus – A. danieli – A. darlingtoni – A. datzorum – A. delafuentei – A. deltae – A. demissus – A. desechensis – A. dissimilis – A. distichus – A. divius – A. dolichocephalus – A. dollfusianus – A. dracula – A. duellmani – A. dunni –
E

A. eewi – A. eladioi – A. equestris – A. ernestwilliamsi – A. etheridgei – A. eugenegrahami – A. eulaemus – A. euskalerriari – A. evermanni – A. extremus –
F

A. fairchildi – A. fasciatus – A. ferreus – A. festae – A. fitchi – A. forbesorum – A. fortunensis – A. fowleri – A. fraseri – A. frenatus – A. fugitivus – A. fungosus – A. fuscoauratus –
G

A. gadovii – A. garmani – A. garridoi – A. gemmosus – A. gibbiceps – A. ginaelisae – A. gingivinus – A. gonavensis – A. gorgonae – A. gracilipes – A. grahami – A. granuliceps – A. greyi – A. griseus – A. gruuo – A. guafe – A. guamuhaya – A. guazuma – A. gundlachi –
H

A. haetianus – A. haguei – A. hendersoni – A. heterodermus – A. hobartsmithi – A. homolechis – A. huilae – A. humilis –
I

A. ibague – A. ibanezi – A. imias – A. impetigosus – A. incredulus – A. inderenae – A. inexpectatus – A. insignis – A. insolitus – A. intermedius – A. isolepis – A. isthmicus –
J

A. jacare – A. johnmeyeri – A. juangundlachi – A. jubar –
K

A. kemptoni – A. koopmani – A. kreutzi – A. krugi – A. kunayalae –
L

A. laevis – A. laeviventris – A. lamari – A. latifrons – A. leachii – A. lemniscatus – A. lemurinus – A. leucodera – A. limifrons – A. limon – A. lineatopus – A. lineatus – A. liogaster – A. lionotus – A. lividus – A. longicauda – A. longiceps – A. longitibialis – A. loveridgei – A. loysiana – A. luciae – A. lucius – A. luteogularis – A. luteosignifer – A. lynchi – A. lyra –
M

A. macilentus – A. macrinii – A. macrolepis – A. macrophallus – A. maculigula – A. maculiventris – A. magnaphallus – A. marcanoi – A. mariarum – A. marmoratus – A. marron – A. marsupialis – A. matudai – A. maynardi – A. mccraniei – A. medemi – A. megalopithecus – A. megapholidotus – A. menta – A. meridionalis – A. mestrei – A. microlepidotus – A. microlepis – A. microtus – A. milleri – A. mirus – A. monensis – A. monteverde – A. monticola – A. morazani – A. muralla –
N

A. nasofrontalis – A. naufragus – A. neblininus – A. nebuloides – A. nebulosus – A. nelsoni – A. nicefori – A. nigrolineatus – A. noblei – A. notopholis – A. nubilis –
O

A. occultus – A. ocelloscapularis – A. oculatus – A. oligaspis – A. olssoni – A. omiltemanus – A. onca – A. opalinus – A. ophiolepis – A. oporinus – A. orcesi – A. ortonii – A. osa – A. otongae – A. oxylophus –
P

A. pachypus – A. palmeri – A. paravertebralis – A. parilis – A. parvicirculatus – A. paternus – A. pecuarius – A. pentaprion – A. peraccae – A. petersii – A. peucephilus – A. peynadoi – A. philopunctatus – A. phyllorhinus – A. pigmaequestris – A. pijolense – A. pinchoti – A. placidus – A. podocarpus – A. poecilopus – A. pogus – A. polylepis – A. polyrhachis – A. poncensis – A. porcatus – A. porcus – A. prasinorius – A. princeps – A. proboscis – A. propinquus – A. pseudokemptoni – A. pseudopachypus – A. pseudotigrinus – A. pulchellus – A. pumilus – A. punctatus – A. purpurescens – A. purpurgularis – A. pygmaeus –
Q

A. quadriocellifer – A. quaggulus – A. quercorum –
R

A. radulinus – A. reconditus – A. rejectus – A. rhombifer – A. richardii – A. ricordi – A. rimarum – A. rivalis – A. roatanensis – A. rodriguezi – A. roosevelti – A. roquet – A. rubribarbaris – A. rubribarbus – A. ruibali – A. ruizi – A. rupinae –
S

A. sabanus – A. sagrei – A. salvini – A. santamartae – A. scapularis – A. schiedei – A. schmidti – A. scriptus – A. semilineatus – A. sericeus – A. serranoi – A. sheplani – A. shrevei – A. sierramaestrae – A. simmonsi – A. singularis – A. smallwoodi – A. smaragdinus – A. sminthus – A. soinii – A. solitarius – A. spectrum – A. squamulatus – A. strahmi – A. stratulus – A. subocularis – A. sulcifrons –
T

A. taylori – A. tenorioensis – A. terraealtae – A. terueli – A. tetarii – A. tigrinus – A. toldo – A. tolimensis – A. townsendi – A. trachyderma – A. transversalis – A. trinitatis – A. tropidogaster – A. tropidolepis – A. tropidonotus –
U

A. umbrivagus – A. uniformis – A. unilobatus – A. urraoi – A. ustus – A. utilensis – A. utowanae –
V

A. valencienni – A. vanidicus – A. vanzolinii – A. vaupesianus – A. ventrimaculatus – A. vermiculatus – A. vescus – A. vicarius – A. villai – A. viridius – A. vittigerus –
W

A. wampuensis – A. wattsi – A. websteri – A. wellbornae – A. wermuthi – A. whitemani – A. wilsoni – A. williamsii – A. williamsmittermeierorum – A. woodi –
Y

A. yoroensis –
Z

A. zeus
Name

Anolis Daudin, 1802: 50

References
Primary references

Daudin, F.M. 1802. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, des reptiles : ouvrage faisant suite à l'Histoire naturelle générale et particulière, composée par Leclerc de Buffon, et rédigée par C.S. Sonnini. Tome Quatrième. L'Imprimerie de F. Dufart: Paris. 397 pp. + pls. XLVI–XLVIII. BHL Reference page.

Additional references

Ayala-Varela, F.P.; Torres-Carvajal, O. 2010: A new species of dactyloid anole (Iguanidae, Polychrotinae, Anolis) from the southeastern slopes of the Andes of Ecuador. ZooKeys, 53: 59–73. ISSN: 1313-2970 (online) ISSN: 1313-2989 (print) DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.53.456
Ayala-Varela, F.P.; Velasco, J.A. 2010: A new species of dactyloid anole (SQUAMATA: IGUANIDAE) from the western Andes of Ecuador. Zootaxa, 2577: 46–56. Preview
Grisales-Martínez, F.A., Velasco, J.A., Bolívar, W., Williams, E.E. & Daza, J.M. 2017. The taxonomic and phylogenetic status of some poorly known Anolis species from the Andes of Colombia with the description of a nomen nudum taxon. Zootaxa 4303(2): 213–230. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4303.2.2 Paywall Reference page.
Holáňová V. ; Rehák I. & Frynta D.: Anolis sierramaestrae sp. nov. (Squamata: Polychrotidae) of the “chamaeleolis” species group from Eastern Cuba. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae, 76 (1–2): 45–52. Full article: [1].
Köhler, G. 2010: A revision of the Central American species related to Anolis pentaprion with the resurrection of A. beckeri and the description of a new species (Squamata: Polychrotidae). Zootaxa, 2354: 1–18. Preview
Köhler, G. 2011: A new species of anole related to Anolis altae from Volcán Tenorio, Costa Rica (Reptilia, Squamata, Polychrotidae). Zootaxa, 3120: 29–42. Preview
Köhler, G. 2014: Characters of external morphology used in Anolis taxonomy—Definition of terms, advice on usage, and illustrated examples. Zootaxa 3774(3): 201–257. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3774.3.1 Reference page.
Köhler, G.; Dehling, D.M.; Köhler, J. 2010: Cryptic species and hybridization in the Anolis polylepis complex, with the description of a new species from the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica (Squamata: Polychrotidae). Zootaxa, 2718: 23–38. Preview
Köhler, G. et al. 2014: A new species of pine anole from the Sierra Madre del Sur in Oaxaca, Mexico (Reptilia, Squamata, Dactyloidae: Anolis). Zootaxa 3753(5): 453–468. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.5.4 Reference page.
Köhler, G. et al. 2014: A revision of the Mexican Anolis (Reptilia, Squamata, Dactyloidae) from the Pacific versant west of the Isthmus de Tehuantepec in the states of Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Puebla, with the description of six new species. Zootaxa 3862(1): 1–210. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3862.1.1 Reference page.
Köhler, G., Pérez, R.G.T., Petersen, C.R.P. & De La Cruz, F.R.M. 2015: A revision of the Mexican Anolis (Reptilia, Squamata, Dactyloidae) from the Pacific versant west of the Isthmus de Tehuantepec in the states of Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Puebla, with the description of six new species: Addendum. Zootaxa 3914(4): 483–489. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3914.4.7. Reference page.
Köhler, J.J., Poe, S., Ryan, M.J. & Köhler, G. 2015: Anolis marsupialis Taylor 1956, a valid species from southern Pacific Costa Rica (Reptilia, Squamata, Dactyloidae). Zootaxa 3915(1): 111–122. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3915.1.5. Reference page.
Oca, A.N.M. De; Köhler, G.; Feria-Ortiz, M. 2014: Anolis boulengerianus Thominot, 1887, a senior synonym of Anolis isthmicus Fitch, 1978 (Squamata: Dactyloidae). Zootaxa 3794(1): 125–133. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3794.1.5 Reference page.
Poe, S.; Latella, I.M.; Ryan, M.J.; Schaad, E.W. 2009: A new species of Anolis lizard (Squamata, Iguania) from Panama. Phyllomedusa, 8: 81–87. ISSN: 1519-1397 PDF
Tufiño, J.D.L., Nieto-Montes de Oca, A., Ramírez-Bautista, A. & Gray, L. 2016. Resurrection of Anolis ustus Cope, 1864 from synonymy with Anolis sericeus Hallowell, 1856 (Squamata, Dactyloidae). ZooKeys 619: 147-162. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.619.9650. Reference page.
Yánez-Muñoz, M.H., Reyes-Puig, C., Reyes-Puig, J.P., Velasco, J.A., Ayala-Varela, F. & Torres-Carvajal, O. 2018. A new cryptic species of Anolis lizard from northwestern South America (Iguanidae, Dactyloinae). ZooKeys 794: 135–163. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.794.26936 Reference page.

Additional references

McCranie, J.R. 2017. Books, book reviews, anoles, and do we really know what we believe we know? Zootaxa 4290(2): 377–379. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4290.2.8. Reference page.

Vernacular names
Avañe'ẽ: Teju tara
日本語: アノールトカゲ属
ქართული: ანოლისი

Anolis is a genus of anoles (US: /əˈnoʊ.liz/ (About this soundlisten)), iguanian lizards in the family Dactyloidae, native to the Americas. With more than 425 species,[1] it represents the world's most species-rich amniote tetrapod genus, although it has been proposed that many of these should be moved to other genera, in which case only about 45 Anolis species remain.[2][3] Previously, it was classified under the family Polychrotidae that contained all the anoles as well as Polychrus, but recent studies place it under Dactyloidae.[2]

Taxonomy
See also: Dactyloidae § Genera

This very large genus displays considerable paraphyly, but phylogenetic analysis suggests a number of subgroups or clades.[2][4] Whether these clades are best recognized as subgenera within Anolis or separate genera remains a matter of dispute.[2][3][5]

If the clades are recognized as full genera, about 45 species remain in Anolis, with the remaining moved to Audantia (9 species), Chamaelinorops (7 species), Ctenonotus (more than 40 species), Dactyloa (c. 95 species), Deiroptyx (almost 35 species), Norops (c. 190 species) and Xiphosurus (c. 15 species).[2][3] Some of these can be further subdivided. For example, Phenacosaurus was often listed as a full genus in the past, but it is a subclade within Dactyloa (Dactyloa heteroderma species group).[6] Among the subgroups within Anolis are:

carolinensis species group (13 species)
isolepis species group (3 species)

In 2011 the green (or Carolina) anole (Anolis carolinensis) became the first reptile to have its complete genome published.[7]

Closely related, recently diverged anole lizards exhibited more divergence in thermal biology than in morphology. These anole lizards are thought to have the same structural niche and have similarities in their size and shape. However they inhabited different climatic niches in which there was variability in temperature and openness of the environment. This suggests that thermal physiology is more associated with recently diverged anole lizards.[8][9]
Ecomorphs
Main article: Anolis ecomorph

Anolis lizards are some of the best examples of both adaptive radiation and convergent evolution. Populations of lizards on isolated islands diverge to occupy separate ecological niches, mostly in terms of the location within the vegetation where they forage (such as in the crown of trees vs. the trunk vs. underlying shrubs).[10] These divergences in habitat are accompanied by morphological changes primarily related to moving on the substrate diameter they most frequently encounter, with twig ecomorphs having short limbs, while trunk ecomorphs have long limbs.

In addition, these patterns repeat on numerous islands, with animals in similar habitats converging on similar body forms repeatedly.[10][11] This demonstrates adaptive radiation can actually be predictable based on habitat encountered, and experimental introductions onto formerly lizard-free islands have proven Anolis evolution can be predicted.[12][13][14][15]

After appearing on each of the four Greater Antillean Islands about 50 million years ago, Anolis lizards spread on each island to occupy niches in the island's trees. Some living in the tree canopy area, others low on the tree trunk near the ground; others in the mid-trunk area, others on twigs. Each new species developed its own distinct body type, called an ecomorph, adapted to the tree niche where it lived. Together the different species occupied their various niches in the trees as a "community". A study of lizard fossils trapped in amber shows that the lizard communities have existed for about 20 million years or more. Four modern ecomorph body types, trunk-crown, trunk-ground, trunk and twig are represented in the amber fossils study. Close comparison of the lizard fossils with their descendants alive today in the Caribbean shows the lizards have changed little in the millions of years.[16][17]
Species
Main article: List of Anolis lizards

The anolis lizards that are less susceptible to predation are those with a dewlap in which both the scales and the exposed skin areas between them match the usual pale gray or whitish of the rest of the ventral surface.[18]
References

Uetz, P.; Hallermann, J. (2018). "Dactyloidae". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
Nicholson, Kirsten E.; Crother, Brian I.; Guyer, Craig; Savage, Jay M. (2012). "It is time for a new classification of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3477 (1): 1–108, page 38. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3477.1.1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 January 2016. Abstract
Nicholson, K.A.; B.I. Crother; C. Guyer; J.M. Savage (2018). "Translating a clade based classification into one that is valid under the international code of zoological nomenclature: the case of the lizards of the family Dactyloidae (Order Squamata)". Zootaxa. 4461 (4): 573–586. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4461.4.7. PMID 30314068.
Glor, Richard E.; Jonathan, B. Losos; Larson, Allan (2005). "Out of Cuba: overwater dispersal and speciation among lizards in the Anolis carolinensis subgroup" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 14 (8): 2419–2432. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02550.x. PMID 15969724. S2CID 20092906.
Poe; Nieto-Montes de Oca; Torres-Carvajal; Queiroz; Velasco; Truett; Gray; Ryan; Köhler; Ayala-Varela; Latella (2017). "A Phylogenetic, Biogeographic, and Taxonomic study of all Extant Species of Anolis (Squamata; Iguanidae)". Systematic Biology. 66 (5): 663–697. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syx029. PMID 28334227.
Nicholson 2012, p. 17
Sweetlove, Lee (2011-08-31). "Lizard genome unveiled". Springer Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2011.512.
Losos, J. B. (2009). Lizards in an evolutionary tree: ecology and adaptive radiation of anoles. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
Hertz, P.E.; Arima, Y.; Harrison, A.; Huey, R.B.; Losos, J.B.; Glor, R.E. (2012). "Asynchronous evolution of physiology and morphology in Anolis lizards". Org. Evol. 67 (7): 2101–2113. doi:10.1111/evo.12072. PMID 23815663. S2CID 2793493.
Losos, J.B. (2007). "Detective work in the West Indies: integrating historical and experimental approaches to study island lizard evolution" (PDF). BioScience. 57 (7): 585–597. doi:10.1641/b570712. S2CID 6869606.
Losos, J. B.; Jackman, T. R.; Larson, A.; de Queiroz, K.; Rodriguez-Schettino, L. (1998). "Contingency and determinism in replicated adaptive radiations of island lizards". Science. 279 (5359): 2115–2118. Bibcode:1998Sci...279.2115L. doi:10.1126/science.279.5359.2115. PMID 9516114.
Calsbeek, R (2008). "Experimental evidence that competition and habitat use shape the individual fitness surface". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 22 (1): 97–108. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01625.x. PMID 19120813. S2CID 25745447.
Calsbeek, R.; Buermann, W.; Smith, T.B. (2009). "Parallel shifts in ecology and natural selection in an island lizard". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9: 3. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-3. PMC 2630972. PMID 19126226.
Calsbeek, R.; Cox, R.M. (2010). "Experimentally assessing the relative importance of predation and competition as agents of selection". Nature. 465 (7298): 613–616. Bibcode:2010Natur.465..613C. doi:10.1038/nature09020. PMID 20453837. S2CID 4326027.
Calsbeek, R.; Smith, T.B. (2007). "Probing the adaptive landscape using experimental islands: density-dependent natural selection on lizard body size". Evolution. 61 (5): 1052–1061. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00093.x. PMID 17492960. S2CID 4643163.
"Trapped in Amber: Ancient fossils reveal remarkable stability of Caribbean lizard communities". 27 July 2015. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
Sherratt, Emma; Castañeda, María del Rosario; Garwood, Russell J.; Mahler, D. Luke; Sanger, Thomas J.; Herrel, Anthony; Queiroz, Kevin de; Losos, Jonathan B. (2015-07-27). "Amber fossils demonstrate deep-time stability of Caribbean lizard communities". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (32): 9961–9966. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.9961S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1506516112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4538666. PMID 26216976.

Fitch, H.S.; Hillis, D.M. (1984). "The anolis dewlap: Interspecific variability and morphological associations with habitat". Copeia. 1984 (2): 315–323. doi:10.2307/1445187. JSTOR 1445187.

Further reading
Losos, Jonathan B. (2011). Lizards in an evolutionary tree: ecology and adaptive radiation of anoles. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520269842.