Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Euarchontoglires
Ordo: Primates
Subordo: Haplorhini
Infraordo: Simiiformes
Parvordo: Platyrrhini
Familia: Pitheciidae
Subfamilia: Pitheciinae - Callicebinae
Name
Pitheciidae, St. George Jackson Mivart, 1865
Vernacular names
日本語: サキ科
한국어: 사키원숭이과
português: Piteciídeos
svenska: Sakiliknande brednäsor
Türkçe: Sakigiller
中文: 僧面猴科
The Pitheciidae (/pɪθɪˈsaɪ.ɪdiː/) are one of the five families of New World monkeys now recognised. Formerly, they were included in the family Atelidae. The family includes the titis, saki monkeys and uakaris. Most species are native to the Amazon region of Brazil, with some being found from Colombia in the north to Bolivia in the south.
Characteristics
Pitheciids are small to medium-sized monkeys, ranging from 23 cm in head-body length for the smaller titis, to 44–49 cm for the uakaris. They have medium to long fur, in a wide range of colors, often with contrasting patches, especially on the face.
They are diurnal and arboreal animals, found in tropical forests from low-lying swamp to mountain slopes. They are predominantly herbivorous, eating mostly fruit and seeds, although some species will also eat a small number of insects. Sakis and uakaris have a diastema between the canine and premolar teeth, but the titis, which have unusually small canines for New World monkeys, do not.[2] All species have the dental formula: 2.1.3.32.1.3.3
Females give birth to a single young after a gestation period of between four and six months, depending on species. The uakaris and bearded sakis are polygamous, living in groups of 8-30 individuals. Each group has multiple males, which establish a dominance hierarchy amongst themselves. The titis and Pithecia sakis, by contrast, are monogamous and live in much smaller family groups.[2]
Classification
See also: List of platyrrhines
There are 54 currently recognized extant species of pitheciid monkey, grouped into two subfamilies and six genera.[1][3] Eleven extinct genera known from the fossil record are placed in the family, extending the age of the family to the Miocene.[4][5]
Family Pitheciidae: titis, sakis and uakaris
Subfamily Callicebinae, titis
Genus Plecturocebus
White-eared titi, Plecturocebus donacophilus
Rio Beni titi, Plecturocebus modestus
Rio Mayo titi, Plecturocebus oenanthe
Ollala brothers's titi, Plecturocebus olallae
White-coated titi, Plecturocebus pallescens
Urubamba brown titi, Plecturocebus urubambensis
Baptista Lake titi, Plecturocebus baptista
Prince Bernhard's titi, Plecturocebus bernhardi
Brown titi, Plecturocebus brunneus
Parecis titi, Plecturocebus parecis
Ashy black titi, Plecturocebus cinerascens
Hoffmanns's titi, Plecturocebus hoffmannsi
Red-bellied titi, Plecturocebus moloch
Vieira's titi, Plecturocebus vieirai
Milton's titi, Plecturocebus miltoni
Chestnut-bellied titi, Plecturocebus caligatus
Coppery titi, Plecturocebus cupreus
Toppin's titi, Plecturocebus toppini
Madidi titi, Plecturocebus aureipalatii
Caquetá titi, Plecturocebus caquetensis
White-tailed titi, Plecturocebus discolor
Hershkovitz's titi, Plecturocebus dubius
Ornate titi, Plecturocebus ornatus
Stephen Nash's titi, Plecturocebus stephennashi
Alta Floresta titi, Plecturocebus grovesi
Genus Callicebus
Barbara Brown's titi, Callicebus barbarabrownae
Coimbra Filho's titi, Callicebus coimbrai
Coastal black-handed titi, Callicebus melanochir
Black-fronted titi, Callicebus nigrifrons
Atlantic titi, Callicebus personatus
Genus †Miocallicebus
†Miocallicebus villaviejai
Genus Cheracebus
Lucifer titi, Cheracebus lucifer
Black titi, Cheracebus lugens
Colombian black-handed titi, Cheracebus medemi
Red-headed titi, Cheracebus regulus
Collared titi, Cheracebus torquatus
Genus †Carlocebus
†Carlocebus carmenensis
†Carlocebus intermedius
Genus †Homunculus
†Homunculus patagonicus
Subfamily Pitheciinae
Genus Cacajao, uakaris
Black-headed uakari, Cacajao melanocephalus
Bald uakari, Cacajao calvus
Aracá uakari, Cacajao ayresii[3]
Neblina uakari, Cacajao hosomi[3]
Genus †Cebupithecia
†Cebupithecia sarmientoi
Genus Chiropotes, bearded sakis
Black bearded saki, Chiropotes satanas
Red-backed bearded saki, Chiropotes chiropotes
Brown-backed bearded saki, Chiropotes israelita
Uta Hick's bearded saki, Chiropotes utahickae
White-nosed saki, Chiropotes albinasus
Genus †Nuciruptor
†Nuciruptor rubricae
Genus †Mazzonicebus
†Mazzonicebus almendrae
Genus Pithecia, sakis
Equatorial saki, Pithecia aequatorialis
White-footed saki or buffy saki, Pithecia albicans
Cazuza's saki, Pithecia cazuzai
Golden-faced saki, Pithecia chrysocephala
Hairy saki, Pithecia hirsuta
Burnished saki, Pithecia inusta
Rio Tapajós saki or Gray's bald-faced saki, Pithecia irrorata
Isabel's saki, Pithecia isabela
Monk saki, Pithecia monachus
Miller's saki, Pithecia milleri
Mittermeier's Tapajós saki, Pithecia mittermeieri (disputed)[6]
Napo saki, Pithecia napensis
Pissinatti's saki, Pithecia pissinattii (disputed)[6]
White-faced saki, Pithecia pithecia
Rylands' bald-faced saki, Pithecia rylandsi (disputed)[6]
Vanzolini's bald-faced saki, Pithecia vanzolinii
Genus †Proteropithecia
†Proteropithecia neuquenensis
Genus †Soriacebus
†Soriacebus ameghinorum
†Soriacebus adrianae
†Genus Xenothrix
†Jamaican monkey, Xenothrix mcgregori
†Genus Antillothrix
†Hispaniolan monkey, Antillothrix bernensis
†Genus Insulacebus
†Insulacebus toussentiana
*Newly described species.[3] †Extinct taxa.
Silvestro etal 2017 showed the relationship among the extinct and extant pitheciid genera:[5]
| stem Pitheciidae |
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References
Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 141–148. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
Macdonald, D., ed. (1984). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 358–361. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
Boubli, J. P.; M. N. F. Da Silva; M. V. Amado; T. Hrbek; F. B. Pontual; I. P. Farias (2008). "A Taxonomic Reassessment of Cacajao melanocephalus Humboldt (1811), with the Description of Two New Species". International Journal of Primatology. 29 (3): 723–741. doi:10.1007/s10764-008-9248-7. S2CID 26561719.
The Paleobiology Database Pitheciidae entry accessed on 6 April 2010
Silvestro, Daniele; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Serrano Serrano, Martha L.; Loiseau, Oriane; Rossier, Victor; Rolland, Jonathan; Zizka, Alexander; Antonelli, Alexandre; Salamin, Nicolas (2017). "Evolutionary history of New World monkeys revealed by molecular and fossil data". bioRxiv 10.1101/178111.
Serrano-Villavicencio, J.E.; Murtado, C.M.; Vendramel, R.L.; Oliveira do Nascimento, F. (January 2019). "Reconsidering the taxonomy of the Pithecia irrorata species group (Primates: Pitheciidae)". Journal of Mammalogy. 100 (1): 130–141. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyy167.
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