Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Scrotifera
Cladus: Ferungulata
Cladus: Euungulata
Ordo: Perissodactyla
Subordo: Ceratomorpha
Superfamilia: Rhinocerotoidea
Familia: †Amynodontidae
Genera: †Amynodon – †Cadurcodon – †Metamynodon – †Paramynodon – †Rostriamynodon –...
Name
Amynodontidae Scott & Osborn, 1883
Synonymy
Amynodontidae Scott & Osborn, 1883: 3
Amynodontinae
References
Primary references
Scott, W.B. & Osborn, H.F. 1883. On the Skull of the Eocene Rhinoceros, Orthocynodon, and the Relation of this Genus to other Members of the Group. Contributions from the E.M. Museum of Geology and Archaeology of Princeton College. Bulletin 3: 3–22. Online Reference page.
Amynodontidae ("defensive tooth")[4] is a family of extinct perissodactyls related to true rhinoceroses. They are commonly portrayed as semiaquatic hippo-like rhinos[5][6] but this description only fits members of the Metamynodontini; other groups of amynodonts like the cadurcodontines had more typical ungulate proportions and convergently evolved a tapir-like proboscis.
The Greek name of the family describes their tusks, derived from enlarged canine teeth. Odd-toed ungulates are herbivores, so these tusks would have been used either to deter or defend against predators (as suggested by the name) or perhaps in fights among males.[7]
Their fossils have been found in North America, and Eurasia ranging in age from the Middle Eocene to the Early Oligocene, with a single genus (Cadurcotherium) surviving into the Late Oligocene in South Asia (Pakistan).[8] The genus Metamynodon may have survived into the early Miocene.[citation needed]
Taxonomy
†Amynodontidae
Subfamily Amynodontinae
Tribe Cadurcodontini
Genus Cadurcodon[9]
Genus Lushiamynodon[9]
Genus Sharamynodon[9]
Tribe Metamynodontini
Genus Gigantamynodon[9]
Genus Metamynodon
Genus Paramynodon[9]
Genus Zaisanamynodon[9]
Tribe incertae sedis
Genus Amynodon[9]
Subfamily incertae sedis
Genus Amynodontopsis[9]
Genus Armania[10]
Genus Cadurcotherium[9]
Genus Caenolophus[11]
Genus Hypsamynodon[9]
Genus Megalamynodon[9]
Genus Penetrigonias[12]
Genus Procadurcodon[9]
Genus Rostriamynodon[13]
Genus Teilhardia[13]
References
Scott, W. B.; Osborn, Henry F. (1883). "On the Skull of the Eocene Rhinoceros, Orthocynodon, and the Relation of this Genus to other Members of the Group". Contributions from the E. M. Museum of Geology and Archæology of Princeton College. 3: 1–22. hdl:2027/mdp.39015057223565.
McKenna, M. C.; S. K. Bell (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11012-X.
Marsh, O. C. (1877). "Notice of some new Vertebrate Fossils". The American Journal of Science and Arts. Ser. 3. 14 (81): 251–252.
"Glossary | Perissodactyl". research.amnh.org. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
Savage, RJG; Long, MR (1986). Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide. New York: Facts on File. pp. 194. ISBN 0-8160-1194-X.
Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 264. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.
"Horns, Tusks, and Flippers: The Evolution of Hoofed Mammals" (PDF). rhinoresourcecenter.com. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
Wall, William P. (1989). "The phylogenetic history and adaptive radiation of the Amynodontidae". In Prothero, Donald R.; Schoch, Robert M. (eds.). The Evolution of perissodactyls. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195060393.
Averianov, A.; Danilov, I.; et al. (2017). "A new amynodontid from the Eocene of South China and phylogeny of Amynodontidae (Perissodactyla: Rhinocerotoidea)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 15 (11): 927–945. Bibcode:2017JSPal..15..927A. doi:10.1080/14772019.2016.1256914. S2CID 89118812.
von Koenigswald, W.; Holbrook, L.T.; et al. (March 2011). "Diversity and Evolution of Hunter-Schreger Band Configuration in Tooth Enamel of Perissodactyl Mammals". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 56 (1): 11–32. doi:10.4202/app.2010.0021. S2CID 33679289.
Huang, X.; Wang, J. (January 2001). "New materials of tapiroid and rhinocerotoid remains (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Middle Eocene of Yuanqu Basin, Central China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 39 (3): 197–203. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
Antoine, P.; Ducrocq, S.; et al. (2003). "Early rhinocerotids (Mammalia: Perissodactyla) from South Asia and a review of the Holarctic Paleogene rhinocerotid record". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 40 (3): 365–374. Bibcode:2003CaJES..40..365A. doi:10.1139/e02-101.
Wall, W.P.; Manning, E. (July 1986). "Rostriamynodon grangeri n. gen., n. sp. of amynodontid (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotoidea) with comments on the phylogenetic history of Eocene Amynodontidae". Journal of Paleontology. 60 (4): 911–919. Bibcode:1986JPal...60..911W. doi:10.1017/S0022336000043079. JSTOR 1305081. S2CID 59363111.
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