Vanellus chilensis (*)
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Charadriiformes
Subordo: Charadrii
Familia: Charadriidae
Genus: Vanellus
Species: Vanellus chilensis
Subspecies: V. c. cayennensis – V. c. chilensis – V. c. fretensis – V. c. lampronotus
Name
Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782)
Synonymy
Parra chilensis (protonym)
References
Molina, J.I. 1782. Saggio sulla Storia Naturale del Chili. Stamperia di S. Tomaso d'Aquino: Bologna. 367 pp. Reference page. : 258 , 344.
Vernacular names
български: Южноамериканска калугерица
català: Fredeluga de Xile
čeština: Čejka jihoamerická
Cymraeg: Cornchwiglen De America
dansk: Sydvibe
Deutsch: Bronzekiebitz
English: Southern Lapwing
Esperanto: Sudamerika vanelo
español: Avefría tero
eesti: Lõunakiivitaja
فارسی: خروسکلی جنوبی
suomi: Eteläamerikanhyyppä
français: Vanneau téro
Frysk: Sjileenske Ljip
Avañe'ẽ: Tetẽu
עברית: קיווית צ'יליאנית
hrvatski: Crnoprsi vivak
magyar: Pampabíbic
italiano: Pavoncella del Sudamerica
日本語: ナンベイタゲリ
lietuvių: Pietinė pempė
Nederlands: Chileense Kievit
norsk: Bronsevipe
Diné bizaad: Tábąąsdísítsoh bítááʼ halzhinígíí
polski: Czajka miedziana
português do Brasil: Quero-quero
português: Quero-quero
русский: Кайеннская пигалица
slovenčina: Cíbik čiernočelý
svenska: Sydamerikansk vipa
українська: Чайка чилійська
中文: 鳳頭距翅麥雞
The southern lapwing (Vanellus chilensis) is a wader in the order Charadriiformes. It is a common and widespread resident throughout South America, except in densely forested regions (e.g. most of the Amazon), the higher parts of the Andes and the arid coast of a large part of western South America. This bird is particularly common in the basin of the Río de la Plata. It has also been spreading through Central America in recent years. It reached Trinidad in 1961 and Tobago in 1974, and has rapidly increased on both islands, sporadically making its way North to Barbados where one pair mated, nested and produced chicks in 2007.
The southern lapwing is the national bird of Uruguay, and one of the symbols of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul.
Description
This lapwing is the only crested wader in South America. It is 32 to 38 cm (13 to 15 in) in length and weighs approximately 250 to 425 g (8.8 to 15.0 oz). The upperparts are mainly brownish grey, with a bronze glossing on the shoulders. The head is particularly striking; mainly grey with a black forehead and throat patch extending onto the black breast. A white border separates the black of the face from the grey of the head and crest. The rest of the underparts are white, and the eye ring, legs and most of the bill are pink. It is equipped with red bony extensions under the wings (spurs), used to intimidate foes and fight birds of prey.
During its slow flapping flight, the southern lapwing shows a broad white wing bar separating the grey-brown of the back and wing coverts from the black flight feathers. The rump is white and the tail black. The call is a very loud and harsh keek-keek-keek.
Southern lapwing with youngster under wings
There are three or four subspecies, differing slightly in head coloration and voice. Vanellus chilensis fretensis from Patagonia is sometimes included in the nominate subspecies V. c. chilensis. The northern subspecies—V. c. cayennensis from north and V. c. lampronotus from south of the Amazon River—are sometimes separated as a distinct species, Vanellus cayennensis. These two subspecies have a browner head—particularly the northernmost birds—and the white face band (broad in the northern and narrow in the southern one) does not reach to the center of the crown. However, birds from the general region of Uruguay apparently intergrade.
Fossil record
In prehistoric times, the species seems to have been more widespread. Late Pleistocene lapwing bones from Florida were initially described as Dorypaltus prosphatus but have since been regarded as indistinguishable from those of the southern lapwing of our time, except by being smaller. Though they may not be specifically distinct, the lack of this birds' occurrence out of South America on a regular basis today suggests that they may be better considered a paleosubspecies V. c. prosphatus. This would have disappeared as the last ice age ended, but biogeography suggests that the species must also have occurred in Central America and/or the Caribbean. The entirely extinct prehistoric species V. downsi is closely related to the southern lapwing found in California; its remains have been found at the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles. Separated by the Rocky Mountains, V. downsi makes an unlikely ancestor to the southern lapwing, but it is certainly possible that it was a northwestern sister species.[3]
Ecology
Nest of V. c. lampronotus with small clutch
This is a lapwing of lake and river banks or open grassland. It has benefited from the extension of the latter habitat through widespread cattle ranching. When nesting in the vicinity of airports, it poses a threat to the safety of aerial traffic.[4] Its food is mainly insects (such as grasshoppers)[5] and other small invertebrates (including earthworms and cutworms), as well as small fish,[5] hunted using a run-and-wait technique mainly at night, often in flocks. In urban areas like Rio de Janeiro, Montevideo, and La Plata it can even be seen feeding on floodlit soccer pitches during televised matches.
The southern lapwing breed cooperatively in social groups that social groups consist of a breeding pair with one or two young from the previous breeding season.[6] They breed on grassland and sometimes ploughed fields, and has an aerobatic flapping display flight. It lays 2–3 (rarely 4) olive-brown eggs in a bare ground scrape. The nest and young are defended noisily and aggressively against all intruders (including humans) by means of threats, vocalizations and low flights. After the breeding season it disperses into wetlands and seasonally-flooded tropical grassland.
References
BirdLife International (2020). "Vanellus chilensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22694075A163620949. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22694075A163620949.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Mlíkovský, Jiří (26 August 2011). "Nomenclatural and taxonomic status of bird taxa (Aves) described by an ornithological swindler, Josef Prokop Pražák (1870–1904)". Zootaxa. 3005 (3005): 45–68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3005.1.2.
Campbell, Kenneth E. Jr. (2002). "A new species of Late Pleistocene lapwing from Rancho La Brea, California". Condor (in English and Spanish). 104 (1): 170–174. doi:10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0170:ANSOLP]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 1370353.
Pereira, José Felipe Monteiro (2008). Aves e Pássaros Comuns do Rio de Janeiro [Common Birds of Rio de Janeiro] (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Technical Books. p. 54. ISBN 978-85-61368-00-5.
"Vanellus chilensis (Southern Lapwing" (PDF). Sta.uwi.edu. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
Cerboncini, Ricardo A. S.; Braga, Talita V.; Roper, James J.; Passos, Fernando C. (2020). "Southern Lapwing Vanellus chilensis cooperative helpers at nests are older siblings". Ibis. 162 (1): 227–231. doi:10.1111/ibi.12758. ISSN 1474-919X.
Bibliography
ffrench, Richard; O'Neill, John Patton; Eckelberry, Don R. (1991). A Guide to the Birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd ed.). Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8014-9792-6.
Hayman, Peter; Marchant, John; Prater, Tony (1986). Shorebirds: an identification guide to the waders of the world. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-60237-9.
Hilty, Steven L. (2003). Birds of Venezuela. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-7136-6418-8.
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