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Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Subsectio: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Infraclassis: Aves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Tyranni
Infraordo: Tyrannides
Parvordo: Tyrannida
Familia: Tyrannidae
Subfamilia: Tyranninae
Genus: Tyrannus
Species: Tyrannus savana
Subspecies: T. s. circumdatus – T. s. monachus – T. s. sanctaemartae – T. s. savana
Name
Tyrannus savana Vieillot, 1808
Type locality: Suriname.
References
Vieillot, L.J.P. 1807. Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale: contenant un grand nombre d'espèces décrites ou figurées pour la première fois Tome 1 Part 1. 90 pp. + 60 tt. Desray, Paris: Original description p. 72 BHL Reference page. pl. 43 BHL
Vernacular names
čeština: tyran savanový
dansk: Langhalet Kongetyran
Deutsch: Gabelschwanz-Königstyrann
English: Fork-tailed Flycatcher
español: Tijereta sabanera
eesti: lõhissaba-tikat
suomi: laahustyranni
français: Tyran des savanes
Avañe'ẽ: Guyra jetapa
Kreyòl ayisyen: Pipirit ke fann
magyar: villásfarkú királygébics
italiano: Tiranno codaforcuta meridionale
日本語: ズグロエンビタイランチョウ, zuguroembitairanchou
Nederlands: Vorkstaartkoningstiran
norsk: Gaffeltyrann
polski: tyran widłosterny
português do Brasil: Tesourinha
português: Tesourinha-do-campo
русский: Вилохвостый королевский тиранн
slovenčina: postriežkar lastovičí
svenska: Gaffelstjärtstyrann
中文: 叉尾王霸鹟
The fork-tailed flycatcher (Tyrannus savana) is a passerine bird of the tyrant flycatcher family, and is the member of a genus typically referred to as kingbirds. Named for their distinguishingly long forked tail, fork-tailed flycatchers are seen in lightly-forested or grassland areas; ranging from southern Mexico, to south past Argentina. They are most frequently observed sitting on conspicuous perches waiting for flying arthropods to fly past, they then sally out, eat their prey, and return to their perch. Northern populations near southern Mexico tend to be permanent residents, while fork-tailed flycatchers that live further south are migrants with a reputation to wander as far north as the Eastern Seaboard of the United States.
Taxonomy
The fork-tailed flycatcher was described in 1760 by Mathurin Jacques Brisson under the French name "Le tyran à queue fourchue"[2] and then again in 1780 by Georges-Louis Buffon under the name "Le savana",[3] but it was not until 1802 that François Marie Daudin coined the binomial name Tyrannus savana.[4] The type locality is Suriname.[5][6]
Four subspecies are recognised:[7]
T. s. monachus Hartlaub, 1844 – south Mexico to Colombia, the Guianas and north Brazil
T. s. sanctaemartae (Zimmer, JT, 1937) – north Colombia and northwest Venezuela
T. s. circumdatus (Zimmer, JT, 1937) – east-central Brazil
T. s. savana Daudin, 1802 – central, southern South America and the Falkland Islands
Description
The fork-tailed flycatcher is white below, gray above, and has a black cap. Males sometimes show a yellow crown stripe. Males also have an extremely long forked tail, of even greater length than that of their cousin, the scissor-tailed flycatcher. Females have a somewhat shorter tail, while it is significantly shorter in juveniles. Males are 37–41 cm (15–16 in) in length; females, 28–30 cm (11–12 in), including tail. They weigh only 28–32 g (0.99–1.13 oz), much less than closely related kingbirds, which are half the total length of this species. The tail in adult males is 2–3 times longer than the length of the bird from the bill to the base of the tail. Generally males and females of the species look quite similar, but can be distinguished by the longer tail in male birds.[8]
The nominate subspecies T.s. savana has a darker grey back compared to T.s. monachus and T.s. sanctaemartae which have notable light backs that contrast greatly with their black head. Discrete notches on the primary feathers are also quite handy in identifying subspecies.[9]
Most fork-tailed flycatchers are migratory, but some stay year round, especially in southern Mexico. Migratory fork-tailed flycatchers tend to have more pointed wings than non-migratory flycatchers.[10]
Vocalizations
Fork-tailed flycatchers produce both vocal and non-vocal sounds. In general they have a dry, buzzy call, and a weak "tic-note" while in flight.[11]
Their wings have been observed to make a distinct whistling note while flying overhead. In fact, research has been conducted involving distinct differences in the pitch of whistling noises by different subspecies of T.savanna. This recent research has pointed towards a hypothesis that fork-tailed flycatchers are splitting into two distinct species, as the non-migratory birds have a much lower pitched whistling note than the migrators. This becomes another observed difference amongst others (e.g. wing shape) pointing to the two species conclusion.[12]
During mating displays, the males wings may also make dry crackling sounds, further research has investigated the use of these wing noises in potentially startling predators or would-be nest parasites (e.g. shiny cowbird).[8]
Distribution and habitat
Fork-tailed flycatchers are usually found below 1000m elevation where they occur in a wide variety of habitats including pastures, riparian forests, forest edges, mangroves, and open residential areas with scattered trees. During migration however, Tyrannus savana may be found in an even broader range of habitats.[13]
Its breeding range is from central Mexico to central Argentina. In most of this range it is usually found year-round, but in the southern parts of its range it retreats northward for the winter.
During migration, fork-tailed flycatchers are quite gregarious, nesting in flocks of up to 10,000 individuals.[14][15] This species is known to wander widely. It is spotted almost annually in the eastern United States seaboard and Canada, normally around fall (September–November).
During migration, fork-tailed flycatchers have been observed flying accompanied by relative species such as eastern kingbirds and aggressively chasing off predators.[16]
The nominate subspecies T. s. savana is found in Central and southern Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina (south to the Río Negro). Overwinters in Amazonia, a large portion of northern South America (i.e., within the Orinoco River Basin), and Trinidad and Tobago, occasionally appearing in the West Indies.[17]
Behavior
Breeding
Males perform aerial courtship displays involving swirling somersaults, twists, and flips. All partnered with their buzzing calls, they do their best to impress female counterparts.[8] Courtship displays also provide a usage for their long tail feathers (which are longer in males), as a way to impress potential mates.[18] Breeding seasons are dependent on subspecies and location; breeding season ranges from late summer, to mid winter.[15]
Fork-tailed flycatchers tend to build their cup nests in similar habitats to their hunting grounds (riparian forests, grasslands). They tend to prefer specific trees in specific geographic locations, such as Kielmeyera trees in central Brazil. The clutch is 1–3 eggs.[19]
Diet
This species is primarily an insectivore, but will switch to berries and small fruits during winter if insects become scarce. Fork-tailed flycatchers sally from their perches to eat flying insects or glean them off of leaves and fruit. When insects become less available in winter months they have been observed eating fruits.[15]
Fork-tailed flycatchers long tail is an important asset in their hunt for arthropods. The long tail allows them to turn on a dime and sally after prey. In fact, fork-tailed flycatchers, though small and light, can reach speeds of up to 65 miles per hour and stop/turn impressively quickly using their flashy tail.[18]
References
BirdLife International (2016). "Tyrannus savana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22700503A93780761. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22700503A93780761.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Volume 2. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 395–398.
Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1780). "Le Savana". Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (in French). Volume 14. Paris: De l'Imprimerie Royale. pp. 557–558.
Lacépède, Bernard Germain de; Daudin, François Marie (1799). "Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-divisions, ordres et genres des oiseaux, par le Cen Lacépède; avec l'indication de toutes les espèces décrites par Buffon, et leur distribution dans chacun des genres, par F. M. Daudin". In Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (ed.). Histoire Naturelle par Buffon Dédiée au citoyen Lacépède, membre de l'Institut National (in French). Volume 14: Quadrupedes. Paris: P. Didot l'ainé et Firmin Didot. pp. 197–346 [227]. Although the date of 1799 is printed on the title page, this volume was not published until 1802. For a discussion of the date see: Richmond, Charles W. (1899). "On the date of Lacépède's 'Tableaux'". Auk. 16: 325–329. doi:10.2307/4069359. JSTOR 4069359.
Zimmer, John Todd (1937). "Studies of Peruvian birds. No. 27, Notes on the genera Muscivora, Tyrannus, Empidonomus, and Sirystes, with further notes on Knipolegus". American Museum Novitates: No. 962: 1–2. hdl:2246/3860.
Traylor, Melvin A. Jr, ed. (1979). Check-List of Birds of the World. Volume 8. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 226.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2020). "Tyrant flycatchers". IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
Roche, John P (September 2005). "Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 9: Cotingas to Pipits and Wagtails. Edited by Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott, and , David Christie. Barcelona (Spain): Lynx Edicions. $195.00. 863 p; ill.; index. ISBN: 84–87334–69–5. 2004". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 80 (3): 365. doi:10.1086/497223. ISSN 0033-5770.
Lloyd-Evans, Trevor L. (November 2009). "Identification Guide to North American Birds, Part II.— Peter Pyle . 2008. Slate Creek Press, Point Reyes Station, CA". The Condor. 111 (4): 764–767. doi:10.1525/cond.2009.review07. ISSN 0010-5422. S2CID 84007606.
Carvalho Provinciato, Ivan C.; Araújo, Márcio S.; Jahn, Alex E. (August 2018). "Drivers of wing shape in a widespread Neotropical bird: a dual role of sex-specific and migration-related functions". Evolutionary Ecology. 32 (4): 379–393. doi:10.1007/s10682-018-9945-4. hdl:11449/171201. ISSN 0269-7653. S2CID 49864430.
Rosenberg, Gary H. (July 2010). "Field Guide to the Songbirds of South America.— Robert S. Ridgely and Guy Tudor . 2009. University of Texas Press, Austin. ISBN 9780292717480". Auk. 127 (3): 717–718. doi:10.1525/auk.2010.127.3.717. S2CID 86322564.
Gómez-Bahamón, Valentina; Tuero, Diego T; Castaño, María Isabel; Jahn, Alex E; Bates, John M; Clark, Christopher J (2020-08-10). "Sonations in Migratory and Non-migratory Fork-tailed Flycatchers (Tyrannus savana)". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 60 (5): 1147–1159. doi:10.1093/icb/icaa115. ISSN 1540-7063. PMID 32777043.
Roy, Michael S.; Torres-Mura, Juan Carlos; Hertel, Fritz (February 1999). "Molecular Phylogeny and Evolutionary History of the Tit-Tyrants (Aves: Tyrannidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 11 (1): 67–76. doi:10.1006/mpev.1998.0563. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 10082611.
Jahn & Tuero, A, D. (March 4, 2020). "fork-tailed flycatcher". Birds of the World.
Jahn, Alex. E.; Tuero, D. T. (2020-03-04), Billerman, Shawn M.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Rodewald, Paul G.; Schulenberg, Thomas S. (eds.), "Fork-tailed Flycatcher (Tyrannus savana)", Birds of the World, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, doi:10.2173/bow.fotfly.01, retrieved 2020-09-26
Guic, Laura (2019-09-20). Ramos Mejía y las multitudes argentinas : una intervención política en Buenos Aires, hacia fines del SXIX. Universidad Nacional de Lanús. Maestría en Metodología de la Investigación Científica. doi:10.18294/rdi.2020.177030.
Rosenberg, Gary H. (July 2010). "Field Guide to the Songbirds of South America.— Robert S. Ridgely and Guy Tudor . 2009. University of Texas Press, Austin. 760 pp., 121 color plates, 135 pages of range maps and country maps. ISBN 9780292717480". Auk. 127 (3): 717–718. doi:10.1525/auk.2010.127.3.717. ISSN 0004-8038. S2CID 86322564.
Jahn, Alex E.; Giraldo, Jose I.; MacPherson, Maggie; Tuero, Diego T.; Sarasola, José Hernán; Cereghetti, Joaquin; Masson, Diego A.; Morales, Marvin V. (2016-04-12). "Demographic variation in timing and intensity of feather molt in migratory Fork-tailed Flycatchers (Tyrannus s. savana)". Journal of Field Ornithology. 87 (2): 143–154. doi:10.1111/jofo.12147. ISSN 0273-8570.
Marini, M.Â.; Lobo, Y.; Lopes, L.E.; França, L.F.; Paiva, L.V.D. (2009). "Biologia reprodutiva de Tyrannus savana (Aves, Tyrannidae) em cerrado do Brasil Central" [Breeding biology of Tyrannus savana (Aves, Tyrannidae) in cerrado of Central Brazil]. Biota Neotropica (in Portuguese). 9 (1): 55–63. doi:10.1590/S1676-06032009000100007.
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